Web scraping with Python
Setup instructions
Install the Anaconda Python distribution
If using your own computer please install the Anaconda Python distribution from https://www.anaconda.com/download/. (Note that Python version \(\leq\) 3.0 differs considerably from more recent releases. For this workshop you will need version \(\geq\) 3.4.)
Accepting the defaults proposed by the Anaconda installer is generally recommended.
Workshop notes
The class notes for this workshop are available on our website at dss.iq.harvard.edu under Workshop Materials ==> Python Workshop Materials => Python Web Scraping. Click the All workshop materials link to download the workshop materials.
Extract the PythonWebScraping.zip directory (Right-click => Extract All on Windows, double-click on Mac).
Start the Jupyter Notebook application and open the Exercises.ipynb file in the PythonWebScraping folder you downloaded previously. You may also wish to start a new notebook for your own notes.
Workshop goals and approach
In this workshop you will - learn basic web scraping principles and techniques, - learn how to use the requests package in Python, - practice making requests and manipulating responses from the server.
This workshop is relatively informal, example-oriented, and hands-on. We will learn by working through an example web scraping project.
Note that this is not an introductory workshop. Familiarity with Python, including but not limited to knowledge of lists and dictionaries, indexing, and loops and / or comprehensions is assumed. If you need an introduction to Python or a refresher, we recommend the IQSS Introduction to Python.
Note also that this workshop will not teach you everything you need to know in order to retrieve data from any web service you might wish to scrape. You can expect to learn just enough to be dangerous.
Preliminary questions
What is web scraping?
Web scraping is the activity of automating retrieval of information from a web service designed for human interaction.
Is web scraping legal? Is it ethical?
It depends. If you have legal questions seek legal counsel. You can mitigate some ethical issues by building delays and restrictions into your web scraping program so as to avoid impacting the availability of the web service for other users or the cost of hosting the service for the service provider.
Example project overview and goals
In this workshop I will demonstrate web scraping techniques using the Collections page at https://www.harvardartmuseums.org/collections and let you use the skills you’ll learn to retrieve information from other parts of the Harvard Art Museums website.
The basic strategy is pretty much the same for most scraping projects. We will use our web browser (Chrome or Firefox recommended) to examine the page you wish to retrieve data from, and copy/paste information from your web browser into your scraping program.
Take shortcuts if you can
We wish to extract information from https://www.harvardartmuseums.org/collections. Like most modern web pages, a lot goes on behind the scenes to produce the page we see in our browser. Our goal is to pull back the curtain to see what the website does when we interact with it. Once we see how the website works we can start retrieving data from it. If we are lucky we’ll find a resource that returns the data we’re looking for in a structured format like JSON or XML.
Examining the structure of our target web service
We start by opening the collections web page in a web browser and inspecting it.
If we scroll down to the bottom of the Collections page, we’ll see a button that says “Load More”. Let’s see what happens when we click on that button. To do so, click on “Network” in the developer tools window, then click the “Load More Collections” button. You should see a list of requests that were made as a result of clicking that button, as shown below.
If we look at that second request, the one to a script named browse, we’ll see that it returns all the information we need, in a convenient format called JSON. All we need to retrieve collection data is call make GET requests to https://www.harvardartmuseums.org/browse with the correct parameters.
Making requests using python
The URL we want to retrieve data from has the following structure
scheme domain path parameters
https www.harvardartmuseums.org browse load_amount=10&offset=0It is often convenient to create variables containing the domain(s) and path(s) you’ll be working with, as this allows you to swap out paths and parameters as needed. Note that the path is separated from the domain with / and the parameters are separated from the path with ?. If there are multiple parameters they are separated from each other with a &.
For example, we can define the domain, path, and parameters of the collections URL as follows:
museum_domain = 'https://www.harvardartmuseums.org'
collection_path = 'browse'
collection_parameters = 'load_amount=10'
collection_url = (museum_domain
+ "/"
+ collection_path
+ "?"
+ collection_parameters)
print(collection_url)## 'https://www.harvardartmuseums.org/browse?load_amount=10'Now that we’ve constructed the URL we wish interact with we’re ready to make our first request in Python.
Parsing JSON data
We already know from inspecting network traffic in our web browser that this URL returns JSON, but we can use Python to verify this assumption.
Since JSON is a structured data format, parsing it into python data structures is easy. In fact, there’s a method for that!
## {'info': {'next': 'https://api.harvardartmuseums.org/object?apikey=67d9edc0-e6a3-11e3-9798-57275476509a&sort=rank&sortorder=asc&from=0&size=10&page=2',
## 'page': 1,
## 'pages': 23295,
## 'totalrecords': 232947,
## 'totalrecordsperquery': 10},
## 'records': [{'accessionmethod': 'Gift',
## 'accessionyear': 1972,
## 'accesslevel': 1,
## 'century': '18th century',
## 'classification': 'Paintings',
## 'classificationid': 26,
## 'colorcount': 10,
## 'colors': [{'color': '#e1e1e1',
## 'css3': '#dcdcdc',
## 'hue': 'Grey',
## 'percent': 0.59186666666667,
## 'spectrum': '#955ba5'},
## {'color': '#7d4b32',
## 'css3': '#8b4513',
## 'hue': 'Brown',
## 'percent': 0.054933333333333,
## 'spectrum': '#c25687'},
## {'color': '#647d64',
## 'css3': '#696969',
## 'hue': 'Green',
## 'percent': 0.048333333333333,
## 'spectrum': '#4fb94f'},
## {'color': '#c8c8c8',
## 'css3': '#c0c0c0',
## 'hue': 'Grey',
## 'percent': 0.0464,
## 'spectrum': '#8c5fa8'},
## {'color': '#323232',
## 'css3': '#2f4f4f',
## 'hue': 'Grey',
## 'percent': 0.039333333333333,
## 'spectrum': '#2eb45d'},
## {'color': '#964b4b',
## 'css3': '#a0522d',
## 'hue': 'Red',
## 'percent': 0.035666666666667,
## 'spectrum': '#c25687'},
## {'color': '#af967d',
## 'css3': '#bc8f8f',
## 'hue': 'Brown',
## 'percent': 0.033066666666667,
## 'spectrum': '#c25687'},
## {'color': '#af3219',
## 'css3': '#b22222',
## 'hue': 'Red',
## 'percent': 0.029933333333333,
## 'spectrum': '#dd5872'},
## {'color': '#4b6464',
## 'css3': '#696969',
## 'hue': 'Blue',
## 'percent': 0.026466666666667,
## 'spectrum': '#5e6db3'},
## {'color': '#af7d64',
## 'css3': '#cd5c5c',
## 'hue': 'Brown',
## 'percent': 0.026266666666667,
## 'spectrum': '#c85783'}],
## 'commentary': None,
## 'contact': 'am_asianmediterranean@harvard.edu',
## 'contextualtextcount': 0,
## 'copyright': None,
## 'creditline': 'Harvard Art Museums/Arthur M. Sackler Museum, '
## 'Gift of John Kenneth Galbraith',
## 'culture': 'Indian',
## 'datebegin': 1765,
## 'dated': 'c. 1770',
## 'dateend': 1775,
## 'dateoffirstpageview': '2009-06-24',
## 'dateoflastpageview': '2018-10-07',
## 'department': 'Department of Islamic & Later Indian Art',
## 'description': 'On a terrace and under a moonlit sky with two '
## 'flying cranes is a Virahotkanthita Nayika (“One '
## 'Distressed by Separation”), a heroine who waits '
## 'and yearns for her lover to return from a long '
## 'journey. She dramatically reclines across a '
## 'cluster of large pillows. Her head rests back to '
## 'face her female attendant who is slightly bent '
## 'over her. The heroine is bare-chested and wears '
## 'a green skirt as well as elaborate jewelry. She '
## 'holds in her right hand the mouthpiece of a '
## 'hookah. Rajput Style.',
## 'dimensions': 'image: 24.3 x 15.8 cm (9 9/16 x 6 1/4 in.)',
## 'division': 'Asian and Mediterranean Art',
## 'edition': None,
## 'exhibitioncount': 9,
## 'groupcount': 2,
## 'id': 303830,
## 'imagecount': 1,
## 'imagepermissionlevel': 0,
## 'images': [{'baseimageurl': 'https://idscache.harvardartmuseums.org/ids/view/8337020',
## 'copyright': 'President and Fellows of Harvard '
## 'College',
## 'displayorder': 1,
## 'format': 'image/jpeg',
## 'height': 2550,
## 'idsid': 8337020,
## 'iiifbaseuri': 'https://ids.lib.harvard.edu/ids/iiif/8337020',
## 'imageid': 290499,
## 'publiccaption': None,
## 'renditionnumber': 'DDC105014',
## 'width': 1758}],
## 'labeltext': None,
## 'lastupdate': '2018-11-02T04:20:41-0400',
## 'markscount': 0,
## 'mediacount': 0,
## 'medium': 'Opaque watercolor, gold, and silver on paper; Rajput '
## 'Style',
## 'objectid': 303830,
## 'objectnumber': '1972.352',
## 'peoplecount': 0,
## 'period': None,
## 'periodid': None,
## 'primaryimageurl': 'https://idscache.harvardartmuseums.org/ids/view/8337020',
## 'provenance': None,
## 'publicationcount': 8,
## 'rank': 1,
## 'relatedcount': 0,
## 'seeAlso': [{'format': 'application/json',
## 'id': 'https://iiif.harvardartmuseums.org/manifests/object/303830',
## 'profile': 'http://iiif.io/api/presentation/2/context.json',
## 'type': 'IIIF Manifest'}],
## 'signed': None,
## 'standardreferencenumber': None,
## 'state': None,
## 'style': None,
## 'technique': None,
## 'techniqueid': None,
## 'title': 'Virahotkanthita Nayika Yearning for her Lover',
## 'titlescount': 1,
## 'totalpageviews': 703,
## 'totaluniquepageviews': 621,
## 'url': 'https://www.harvardartmuseums.org/collections/object/303830',
## 'verificationlevel': 3,
## 'verificationleveldescription': 'Good. Object is well described '
## 'and information is vetted',
## 'worktypes': [{'worktype': 'painting', 'worktypeid': '242'}]},
## {'accessionmethod': 'Gift',
## 'accessionyear': 1972,
## 'accesslevel': 1,
## 'century': '18th century',
## 'classification': 'Paintings',
## 'classificationid': 26,
## 'colorcount': 10,
## 'colors': [{'color': '#323232',
## 'css3': '#2f4f4f',
## 'hue': 'Grey',
## 'percent': 0.17003663003663,
## 'spectrum': '#2eb45d'},
## {'color': '#4b4b32',
## 'css3': '#556b2f',
## 'hue': 'Green',
## 'percent': 0.14358974358974,
## 'spectrum': '#4ab851'},
## {'color': '#646432',
## 'css3': '#556b2f',
## 'hue': 'Green',
## 'percent': 0.12,
## 'spectrum': '#59ba4a'},
## {'color': '#c8c8c8',
## 'css3': '#c0c0c0',
## 'hue': 'Grey',
## 'percent': 0.11904761904762,
## 'spectrum': '#8c5fa8'},
## {'color': '#7d7d4b',
## 'css3': '#696969',
## 'hue': 'Green',
## 'percent': 0.10967032967033,
## 'spectrum': '#6cbd45'},
## {'color': '#af967d',
## 'css3': '#bc8f8f',
## 'hue': 'Brown',
## 'percent': 0.061245421245421,
## 'spectrum': '#c25687'},
## {'color': '#afafaf',
## 'css3': '#a9a9a9',
## 'hue': 'Grey',
## 'percent': 0.051355311355311,
## 'spectrum': '#8c5fa8'},
## {'color': '#e1e1e1',
## 'css3': '#dcdcdc',
## 'hue': 'Grey',
## 'percent': 0.050842490842491,
## 'spectrum': '#955ba5'},
## {'color': '#191919',
## 'css3': '#000000',
## 'hue': 'Grey',
## 'percent': 0.047619047619048,
## 'spectrum': '#1eb264'},
## {'color': '#96964b',
## 'css3': '#cd853f',
## 'hue': 'Green',
## 'percent': 0.04021978021978,
## 'spectrum': '#86c440'}],
## 'commentary': None,
## 'contact': 'am_asianmediterranean@harvard.edu',
## 'contextualtextcount': 0,
## 'copyright': None,
## 'creditline': 'Harvard Art Museums/Arthur M. Sackler Museum, '
## 'Gift of John Kenneth Galbraith',
## 'culture': 'Indian',
## 'datebegin': 1740,
## 'dated': 'c. 1745',
## 'dateend': 1750,
## 'dateoffirstpageview': '2009-08-06',
## 'dateoflastpageview': '2018-10-07',
## 'department': 'Department of Islamic & Later Indian Art',
## 'description': 'In this painting, a prince, mounted on a '
## 'gray-blue house, approaches an elaborate well '
## 'complex. His status is denoted by his turban '
## 'with a large plume and his ornate dress. He '
## 'reaches up to receive a small, gold water jug '
## 'from a young female figure in yellow. Behind her '
## 'a group of women converse near the mouth of the '
## 'well. One of them holds a string that is '
## 'connected to a vessel that is currently down the '
## 'well. Four vessels are lined up against the '
## 'small railing. Rajput Style, Kishangarh School.',
## 'dimensions': 'actual: 29.1 x 17.2 cm (11 7/16 x 6 3/4 in.)',
## 'division': 'Asian and Mediterranean Art',
## 'edition': None,
## 'exhibitioncount': 7,
## 'groupcount': 2,
## 'id': 303397,
## 'imagecount': 1,
## 'imagepermissionlevel': 0,
## 'images': [{'baseimageurl': 'https://idscache.harvardartmuseums.org/ids/view/43182690',
## 'copyright': 'President and Fellows of Harvard '
## 'College',
## 'displayorder': 1,
## 'format': 'image/jpeg',
## 'height': 2550,
## 'idsid': 43182690,
## 'iiifbaseuri': 'https://ids.lib.harvard.edu/ids/iiif/43182690',
## 'imageid': 13760,
## 'publiccaption': None,
## 'renditionnumber': '44855',
## 'width': 1541}],
## 'labeltext': None,
## 'lastupdate': '2018-11-02T04:20:37-0400',
## 'markscount': 0,
## 'mediacount': 0,
## 'medium': 'Opaque watercolor and gold on paper; Rajput Style, '
## 'Kishangarh School',
## 'objectid': 303397,
## 'objectnumber': '1972.350',
## 'people': [{'alphasort': 'Unknown Artist',
## 'birthplace': None,
## 'culture': None,
## 'deathplace': None,
## 'displaydate': None,
## 'displayname': 'Unknown Artist',
## 'displayorder': 1,
## 'gender': 'unknown',
## 'name': 'Unknown Artist',
## 'personid': 23184,
## 'prefix': None,
## 'role': 'Artist'}],
## 'peoplecount': 1,
## 'period': None,
## 'periodid': None,
## 'primaryimageurl': 'https://idscache.harvardartmuseums.org/ids/view/43182690',
## 'provenance': None,
## 'publicationcount': 6,
## 'rank': 2,
## 'relatedcount': 0,
## 'seeAlso': [{'format': 'application/json',
## 'id': 'https://iiif.harvardartmuseums.org/manifests/object/303397',
## 'profile': 'http://iiif.io/api/presentation/2/context.json',
## 'type': 'IIIF Manifest'}],
## 'signed': None,
## 'standardreferencenumber': None,
## 'state': None,
## 'style': None,
## 'technique': None,
## 'techniqueid': None,
## 'title': 'A Prince Receives a Water Jug from a Young Woman at a '
## 'Well',
## 'titlescount': 1,
## 'totalpageviews': 858,
## 'totaluniquepageviews': 654,
## 'url': 'https://www.harvardartmuseums.org/collections/object/303397',
## 'verificationlevel': 3,
## 'verificationleveldescription': 'Good. Object is well described '
## 'and information is vetted',
## 'worktypes': [{'worktype': 'painting', 'worktypeid': '242'}]},
## {'accessionmethod': 'Purchase',
## 'accessionyear': 1998,
## 'accesslevel': 1,
## 'century': '5th century BCE',
## 'classification': 'Vessels',
## 'classificationid': 57,
## 'colorcount': 0,
## 'commentary': '',
## 'contact': 'am_asianmediterranean@harvard.edu',
## 'contextualtextcount': 1,
## 'copyright': None,
## 'creditline': 'Harvard Art Museums/Arthur M. Sackler Museum, '
## 'David M. Robinson and Marian H. Phinney Funds',
## 'culture': 'Etruscan',
## 'datebegin': -500,
## 'dated': 'first half 5th century BCE',
## 'dateend': -450,
## 'dateoffirstpageview': '2009-11-26',
## 'dateoflastpageview': '2018-10-08',
## 'department': 'Department of Ancient and Byzantine Art & '
## 'Numismatics',
## 'description': None,
## 'details': {'technical': [{'formattedtext': '<P><FONT '
## 'size=3><FONT '
## 'face="Times New '
## 'Roman"><SPAN '
## 'style="mso-fareast-font-family: '
## 'Calibri; '
## 'mso-fareast-theme-font: '
## 'minor-latin">ICP-MS/AAA '
## 'data from sample, '
## 'Bronze:</SPAN><SPAN '
## 'style="FONT-SIZE: '
## '9pt; FONT-FAMILY: '
## '\'Arial\',\'sans-serif\'"><?xml:namespace '
## 'prefix = "o" ns = '
## '"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" '
## '/><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></FONT></P>\r\n'
## '<P><FONT '
## 'size=3><FONT '
## 'face="Times New '
## 'Roman"><SPAN '
## 'style="mso-fareast-font-family: '
## 'Calibri; '
## 'mso-fareast-theme-font: '
## 'minor-latin">Cu, '
## '<SPAN '
## 'style="mso-no-proof: '
## 'yes">88.36</SPAN>; '
## 'Sn, <SPAN '
## 'style="mso-no-proof: '
## 'yes">9.6</SPAN>; '
## 'Pb, <SPAN '
## 'style="mso-no-proof: '
## 'yes">1.73</SPAN>; '
## 'Zn, <SPAN '
## 'style="mso-no-proof: '
## 'yes">0.004</SPAN>; '
## 'Fe, <SPAN '
## 'style="mso-no-proof: '
## 'yes">0.04</SPAN>; '
## 'Ni, <SPAN '
## 'style="mso-no-proof: '
## 'yes">0.05</SPAN>; '
## 'Ag, <SPAN '
## 'style="mso-no-proof: '
## 'yes">0.07</SPAN>; '
## 'Sb, <SPAN '
## 'style="mso-no-proof: '
## 'yes">0.05</SPAN>; '
## 'As, <SPAN '
## 'style="mso-no-proof: '
## 'yes">0.1</SPAN>; '
## 'Bi, <SPAN '
## 'style="mso-no-proof: '
## 'yes">less than '
## '0.025</SPAN>; Co, '
## '<SPAN '
## 'style="mso-no-proof: '
## 'yes">less than '
## '0.005</SPAN>; Au, '
## '<SPAN '
## 'style="mso-no-proof: '
## 'yes">less than '
## '0.01</SPAN>; Cd, '
## '<SPAN '
## 'style="mso-no-proof: '
## 'yes">less than '
## '0.001</SPAN></SPAN></FONT></FONT></P>\r\n'
## '<P><FONT '
## 'size=3><FONT '
## 'face="Times New '
## 'Roman"><SPAN '
## 'style="mso-fareast-font-family: '
## 'Calibri; '
## 'mso-fareast-theme-font: '
## 'minor-latin"><SPAN '
## 'style="mso-no-proof: '
## 'yes"></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN '
## 'style="FONT-SIZE: '
## '9pt; FONT-FAMILY: '
## '\'Arial\',\'sans-serif\'"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></FONT> </P>\r\n'
## '<P><SPAN '
## 'style="mso-fareast-font-family: '
## 'Calibri; '
## 'mso-fareast-theme-font: '
## 'minor-latin; '
## 'mso-no-proof: '
## 'yes"><FONT size=3 '
## 'face="Times New '
## 'Roman">J. '
## 'Riederer</FONT></SPAN><SPAN '
## 'style="FONT-SIZE: '
## '9pt; FONT-FAMILY: '
## '\'Arial\',\'sans-serif\'"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>',
## 'text': 'ICP-MS/AAA data from sample, '
## 'Bronze:\r\n'
## 'Cu, 88.36; Sn, 9.6; Pb, '
## '1.73; Zn, 0.004; Fe, 0.04; '
## 'Ni, 0.05; Ag, 0.07; Sb, '
## '0.05; As, 0.1; Bi, less than '
## '0.025; Co, less than 0.005; '
## 'Au, less than 0.01; Cd, less '
## 'than 0.001\r\n'
## '\r\n'
## 'J. Riederer',
## 'type': 'Chemical Composition'},
## {'formattedtext': '<P class=MsoNormal '
## 'style="MARGIN: 0in '
## '0in 3pt"><SPAN '
## 'style="mso-ascii-font-family: '
## "'Times New Roman'; "
## 'mso-ascii-theme-font: '
## 'major-bidi; '
## 'mso-hansi-font-family: '
## "'Times New Roman'; "
## 'mso-hansi-theme-font: '
## 'major-bidi; '
## 'mso-bidi-font-family: '
## "'Times New Roman'; "
## 'mso-bidi-theme-font: '
## 'major-bidi"><FONT '
## 'size=3><FONT '
## 'face="Times New '
## 'Roman">The patina '
## 'is green with areas '
## 'of red. Some areas '
## 'are completely '
## 'mineralized, '
## 'although the handle '
## 'appears stable and '
## 'strong. The surface '
## 'has been carefully '
## 'cleaned '
## 'mechanically, '
## 'revealing much of '
## 'the original '
## 'detail.<?xml:namespace '
## 'prefix = "o" ns = '
## '"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" '
## '/><o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></SPAN></P>\r\n'
## '<P class=MsoNormal '
## 'style="MARGIN: 0in '
## '0in 3pt"><SPAN '
## 'style="mso-ascii-font-family: '
## "'Times New Roman'; "
## 'mso-ascii-theme-font: '
## 'major-bidi; '
## 'mso-hansi-font-family: '
## "'Times New Roman'; "
## 'mso-hansi-theme-font: '
## 'major-bidi; '
## 'mso-bidi-font-family: '
## "'Times New Roman'; "
## 'mso-bidi-theme-font: '
## 'major-bidi"><o:p><FONT '
## 'size=3 face="Times '
## 'New '
## 'Roman"> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>\r\n'
## '<P class=MsoNormal '
## 'style="MARGIN: 0in '
## '0in 3pt"><SPAN '
## 'style="mso-ascii-font-family: '
## "'Times New Roman'; "
## 'mso-ascii-theme-font: '
## 'major-bidi; '
## 'mso-hansi-font-family: '
## "'Times New Roman'; "
## 'mso-hansi-theme-font: '
## 'major-bidi; '
## 'mso-bidi-font-family: '
## "'Times New Roman'; "
## 'mso-bidi-theme-font: '
## 'major-bidi"><FONT '
## 'size=3><FONT '
## 'face="Times New '
## 'Roman">The handle '
## 'is a hollow cast, '
## 'and gray core '
## 'material is visible '
## 'at both of the open '
## 'ends of the '
## 'casting. The relief '
## 'designs and general '
## 'shape are fairly '
## 'complex, and given '
## 'that multiples are '
## 'often made of '
## 'vessel handles, it '
## 'is likely the wax '
## 'model was made '
## 'indirectly using a '
## 'mold. Many details '
## 'would have been '
## 'cleaned up working '
## 'directly in the '
## 'wax, but very fine '
## 'lines, such as the '
## 'strands depicted '
## 'within the locks of '
## 'hair, were cold '
## 'worked in the metal '
## 'with a tracer tool '
## 'and punches. The '
## 'gray core is very '
## 'fine and '
## 'homogeneous. Black '
## 'flecks of charcoal '
## 'at one end are not '
## 'part of the core '
## 'itself but rather '
## 'come from the '
## 'burial accretions '
## 'on top of the core '
## 'and on top of some '
## 'metal surfaces. '
## '<o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></SPAN></P>\r\n'
## '<P class=MsoNormal '
## 'style="MARGIN: 0in '
## '0in 3pt"><SPAN '
## 'style="mso-ascii-font-family: '
## "'Times New Roman'; "
## 'mso-ascii-theme-font: '
## 'major-bidi; '
## 'mso-hansi-font-family: '
## "'Times New Roman'; "
## 'mso-hansi-theme-font: '
## 'major-bidi; '
## 'mso-bidi-font-family: '
## "'Times New Roman'; "
## 'mso-bidi-theme-font: '
## 'major-bidi"><o:p><FONT '
## 'size=3 face="Times '
## 'New '
## 'Roman"> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>\r\n'
## '<P class=MsoNormal '
## 'style="MARGIN: 0in '
## '0in 3pt"><SPAN '
## 'style="mso-ascii-font-family: '
## "'Times New Roman'; "
## 'mso-ascii-theme-font: '
## 'major-bidi; '
## 'mso-hansi-font-family: '
## "'Times New Roman'; "
## 'mso-hansi-theme-font: '
## 'major-bidi; '
## 'mso-bidi-font-family: '
## "'Times New Roman'; "
## 'mso-bidi-theme-font: '
## 'major-bidi"><o:p><FONT '
## 'size=3 face="Times '
## 'New '
## 'Roman"> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></P><SPAN '
## 'style="FONT-SIZE: '
## '12pt; FONT-FAMILY: '
## "'Times New "
## "Roman','serif'; "
## 'mso-ascii-theme-font: '
## 'major-bidi; '
## 'mso-hansi-theme-font: '
## 'major-bidi; '
## 'mso-bidi-theme-font: '
## 'major-bidi; '
## 'mso-fareast-font-family: '
## 'Cambria; '
## 'mso-fareast-theme-font: '
## 'minor-latin; '
## 'mso-bidi-language: '
## 'AR-SA; '
## 'mso-ansi-language: '
## 'EN-US; '
## 'mso-fareast-language: '
## 'EN-US">Henry Lie '
## '(submitted '
## '2012)</SPAN>',
## 'text': 'The patina is green with '
## 'areas of red. Some areas are '
## 'completely mineralized, '
## 'although the handle appears '
## 'stable and strong. The '
## 'surface has been carefully '
## 'cleaned mechanically, '
## 'revealing much of the '
## 'original detail.\r\n'
## ' \r\n'
## 'The handle is a hollow cast, '
## 'and gray core material is '
## 'visible at both of the open '
## 'ends of the casting. The '
## 'relief designs and general '
## 'shape are fairly complex, '
## 'and given that multiples are '
## 'often made of vessel '
## 'handles, it is likely the '
## 'wax model was made '
## 'indirectly using a mold. '
## 'Many details would have been '
## 'cleaned up working directly '
## 'in the wax, but very fine '
## 'lines, such as the strands '
## 'depicted within the locks of '
## 'hair, were cold worked in '
## 'the metal with a tracer tool '
## 'and punches. The gray core '
## 'is very fine and '
## 'homogeneous. Black flecks of '
## 'charcoal at one end are not '
## 'part of the core itself but '
## 'rather come from the burial '
## 'accretions on top of the '
## 'core and on top of some '
## 'metal surfaces. \r\n'
## ' \r\n'
## ' \r\n'
## 'Henry Lie (submitted 2012)',
## 'type': 'Technical Observations'}]},
## 'dimensions': '17.3 x 6.5 x 15.5 cm (6 13/16 x 2 9/16 x 6 1/8 '
## 'in.)',
## 'division': 'Asian and Mediterranean Art',
## 'edition': None,
## 'exhibitioncount': 2,
## 'groupcount': 2,
## 'id': 195616,
## 'imagecount': 6,
## 'imagepermissionlevel': 0,
## 'images': [{'baseimageurl': 'https://idscache.harvardartmuseums.org/ids/view/400095761',
## 'copyright': 'President and Fellows of Harvard '
## 'College',
## 'displayorder': 1,
## 'format': None,
## 'height': 0,
## 'idsid': 400095761,
## 'iiifbaseuri': 'https://ids.lib.harvard.edu/ids/iiif/400095761',
## 'imageid': 440672,
## 'publiccaption': None,
## 'renditionnumber': 'STR017611',
## 'width': 0},
## {'baseimageurl': 'https://idscache.harvardartmuseums.org/ids/view/47334051',
## 'copyright': 'President and Fellows of Harvard '
## 'College',
## 'displayorder': 2,
## 'format': 'image/jpeg',
## 'height': 2550,
## 'idsid': 47334051,
## 'iiifbaseuri': 'https://ids.lib.harvard.edu/ids/iiif/47334051',
## 'imageid': 426188,
## 'publiccaption': None,
## 'renditionnumber': 'DDC249909',
## 'width': 1382},
## {'baseimageurl': 'https://idscache.harvardartmuseums.org/ids/view/400095765',
## 'copyright': 'President and Fellows of Harvard '
## 'College',
## 'displayorder': 3,
## 'format': None,
## 'height': 0,
## 'idsid': 400095765,
## 'iiifbaseuri': 'https://ids.lib.harvard.edu/ids/iiif/400095765',
## 'imageid': 440673,
## 'publiccaption': 'Detail of the head',
## 'renditionnumber': 'STR017612',
## 'width': 0},
## {'baseimageurl': 'https://idscache.harvardartmuseums.org/ids/view/400095769',
## 'copyright': 'President and Fellows of Harvard '
## 'College',
## 'displayorder': 4,
## 'format': None,
## 'height': 0,
## 'idsid': 400095769,
## 'iiifbaseuri': 'https://ids.lib.harvard.edu/ids/iiif/400095769',
## 'imageid': 440674,
## 'publiccaption': 'View of the gray core material '
## 'visible at the top of the handle',
## 'renditionnumber': 'STR017613',
## 'width': 0},
## {'baseimageurl': 'https://idscache.harvardartmuseums.org/ids/view/400095773',
## 'copyright': 'President and Fellows of Harvard '
## 'College',
## 'displayorder': 5,
## 'format': None,
## 'height': 0,
## 'idsid': 400095773,
## 'iiifbaseuri': 'https://ids.lib.harvard.edu/ids/iiif/400095773',
## 'imageid': 440675,
## 'publiccaption': 'View of the underside of the satyr '
## 'with gray core material visible',
## 'renditionnumber': 'STR017614',
## 'width': 0},
## {'baseimageurl': 'https://idscache.harvardartmuseums.org/ids/view/20672199',
## 'copyright': 'President and Fellows of Harvard '
## 'College',
## 'displayorder': 6,
## 'format': 'image/jpeg',
## 'height': 1024,
## 'idsid': 20672199,
## 'iiifbaseuri': 'https://ids.lib.harvard.edu/ids/iiif/20672199',
## 'imageid': 125925,
## 'publiccaption': None,
## 'renditionnumber': '17620',
## 'width': 840}],
## 'labeltext': None,
## 'lastupdate': '2018-11-02T04:02:07-0400',
## 'markscount': 0,
## 'mediacount': 0,
## 'medium': 'Bronze',
## 'objectid': 195616,
## 'objectnumber': '1998.101',
## 'peoplecount': 0,
## 'period': 'Archaic period, Late, to Early Classical',
## 'periodid': 1525,
## 'primaryimageurl': 'https://idscache.harvardartmuseums.org/ids/view/400095761',
## 'provenance': 'Hesperia Art (George Allen), Philadelphia; '
## 'acquired by Dr. and Mrs. Robert Waelder, '
## 'Broomall, PA, in 1958. Purchased by Harvard '
## 'University Art Museums from Robert Hecht, Jr. in '
## '1998.',
## 'publicationcount': 3,
## 'rank': 3,
## 'relatedcount': 0,
## 'seeAlso': [{'format': 'application/json',
## 'id': 'https://iiif.harvardartmuseums.org/manifests/object/195616',
## 'profile': 'http://iiif.io/api/presentation/2/context.json',
## 'type': 'IIIF Manifest'}],
## 'signed': None,
## 'standardreferencenumber': None,
## 'state': None,
## 'style': None,
## 'technique': 'Cast, lost-wax process',
## 'techniqueid': 1311,
## 'title': 'Amphora Handle with Satyr Playing Syrinx',
## 'titlescount': 1,
## 'totalpageviews': 420,
## 'totaluniquepageviews': 365,
## 'url': 'https://www.harvardartmuseums.org/collections/object/195616',
## 'verificationlevel': 4,
## 'verificationleveldescription': 'Best. Object is extensively '
## 'researched, well described and '
## 'information is vetted',
## 'worktypes': [{'worktype': 'handle', 'worktypeid': '169'}]},
## {'accessionmethod': None,
## 'accessionyear': None,
## 'accesslevel': 1,
## 'century': '17th century',
## 'classification': 'Prints',
## 'classificationid': 23,
## 'colorcount': 7,
## 'colors': [{'color': '#c8af96',
## 'css3': '#d2b48c',
## 'hue': 'Brown',
## 'percent': 0.42054644808743,
## 'spectrum': '#e66c64'},
## {'color': '#c8c8af',
## 'css3': '#c0c0c0',
## 'hue': 'Green',
## 'percent': 0.27158469945355,
## 'spectrum': '#b55592'},
## {'color': '#af967d',
## 'css3': '#bc8f8f',
## 'hue': 'Brown',
## 'percent': 0.14262295081967,
## 'spectrum': '#c25687'},
## {'color': '#967d64',
## 'css3': '#808080',
## 'hue': 'Brown',
## 'percent': 0.067540983606557,
## 'spectrum': '#b65590'},
## {'color': '#e1e1c8',
## 'css3': '#dcdcdc',
## 'hue': 'Green',
## 'percent': 0.050928961748634,
## 'spectrum': '#e9715f'},
## {'color': '#7d644b',
## 'css3': '#696969',
## 'hue': 'Yellow',
## 'percent': 0.034535519125683,
## 'spectrum': '#b25593'},
## {'color': '#4b4b32',
## 'css3': '#556b2f',
## 'hue': 'Green',
## 'percent': 0.01224043715847,
## 'spectrum': '#4ab851'}],
## 'commentary': None,
## 'contact': 'am_europeanamerican@harvard.edu',
## 'contextualtextcount': 0,
## 'copyright': None,
## 'creditline': 'Harvard Art Museums/Fogg Museum, Gray Collection '
## 'of Engravings Fund',
## 'culture': 'Dutch',
## 'datebegin': 1651,
## 'dated': '1651',
## 'dateend': 1651,
## 'dateoffirstpageview': '2011-01-07',
## 'dateoflastpageview': '2018-10-08',
## 'department': 'Department of Prints',
## 'description': None,
## 'dimensions': 'sheet: 12.8 x 32.7 cm (5 1/16 x 12 7/8 in.)\r\n'
## 'plate: 12.1 x 31.9 cm (4 3/4 x 12 9/16 in.)',
## 'division': 'European and American Art',
## 'edition': None,
## 'exhibitioncount': 3,
## 'groupcount': 1,
## 'id': 279265,
## 'imagecount': 1,
## 'imagepermissionlevel': 0,
## 'images': [{'baseimageurl': 'https://idscache.harvardartmuseums.org/ids/view/20456770',
## 'copyright': 'President and Fellows of Harvard '
## 'College',
## 'displayorder': 1,
## 'format': 'image/jpeg',
## 'height': 1038,
## 'idsid': 20456770,
## 'iiifbaseuri': 'https://ids.lib.harvard.edu/ids/iiif/20456770',
## 'imageid': 308341,
## 'publiccaption': None,
## 'renditionnumber': 'INV191941',
## 'width': 2550}],
## 'labeltext': None,
## 'lastupdate': '2018-11-02T04:16:56-0400',
## 'markscount': 7,
## 'mediacount': 0,
## 'medium': 'Etching and drypoint with light plate tone, with '
## 'touches of gray wash in some drypoint areas, on '
## 'off-white antique laid paper',
## 'objectid': 279265,
## 'objectnumber': 'G6753',
## 'people': [{'alphasort': 'Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn',
## 'birthplace': 'Leiden',
## 'culture': 'Dutch',
## 'deathplace': 'Amsterdam',
## 'displaydate': '1606 - 1669',
## 'displayname': 'Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn',
## 'displayorder': 1,
## 'gender': 'male',
## 'name': 'Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn',
## 'personid': 28241,
## 'prefix': None,
## 'role': 'Artist'}],
## 'peoplecount': 1,
## 'period': None,
## 'periodid': None,
## 'primaryimageurl': 'https://idscache.harvardartmuseums.org/ids/view/20456770',
## 'provenance': None,
## 'publicationcount': 1,
## 'rank': 4,
## 'relatedcount': 0,
## 'seeAlso': [{'format': 'application/json',
## 'id': 'https://iiif.harvardartmuseums.org/manifests/object/279265',
## 'profile': 'http://iiif.io/api/presentation/2/context.json',
## 'type': 'IIIF Manifest'}],
## 'signed': 'Rembrandt.',
## 'standardreferencenumber': 'New Hollstein 257, Bartsch 234; Hind '
## '249, Rovinski 234',
## 'state': 'only state',
## 'style': None,
## 'technique': 'Etching and drypoint',
## 'techniqueid': 1205,
## 'title': 'Panorama near Bloemendael Showing the Saxenburg Estate '
## '("The Goldweigher\'s Field")',
## 'titlescount': 1,
## 'totalpageviews': 455,
## 'totaluniquepageviews': 387,
## 'url': 'https://www.harvardartmuseums.org/collections/object/279265',
## 'verificationlevel': 3,
## 'verificationleveldescription': 'Good. Object is well described '
## 'and information is vetted',
## 'worktypes': [{'worktype': 'print', 'worktypeid': '278'}]},
## {'accessionmethod': 'Bequest',
## 'accessionyear': 2009,
## 'accesslevel': 1,
## 'century': '20th century',
## 'classification': 'Drawings',
## 'classificationid': 21,
## 'colorcount': 0,
## 'commentary': None,
## 'contact': 'am_moderncontemporary@harvard.edu',
## 'contextualtextcount': 0,
## 'copyright': '© Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York / VG '
## 'Bild-Kunst, Bonn',
## 'creditline': 'Harvard Art Museums/Busch-Reisinger Museum, '
## 'Bequest of William S. Lieberman',
## 'culture': 'German',
## 'datebegin': 1935,
## 'dated': '1935',
## 'dateend': 1935,
## 'dateoffirstpageview': '2010-01-13',
## 'dateoflastpageview': '2018-10-08',
## 'department': 'Busch-Reisinger Museum',
## 'description': None,
## 'dimensions': '30.3 x 23.3 cm (11 15/16 x 9 3/16 in.)',
## 'division': 'Modern and Contemporary Art',
## 'edition': None,
## 'exhibitioncount': 1,
## 'groupcount': 2,
## 'id': 317164,
## 'imagecount': 2,
## 'imagepermissionlevel': 0,
## 'images': [{'baseimageurl': 'https://idscache.harvardartmuseums.org/ids/view/15962469',
## 'copyright': 'President and Fellows of Harvard '
## 'College',
## 'displayorder': 1,
## 'format': 'image/jpeg',
## 'height': 2450,
## 'idsid': 15962469,
## 'iiifbaseuri': 'https://ids.lib.harvard.edu/ids/iiif/15962469',
## 'imageid': 372982,
## 'publiccaption': None,
## 'renditionnumber': 'DDC110737',
## 'width': 1908},
## {'baseimageurl': 'https://idscache.harvardartmuseums.org/ids/view/20238306',
## 'copyright': 'President and Fellows of Harvard '
## 'College',
## 'displayorder': 2,
## 'format': 'image/jpeg',
## 'height': 2550,
## 'idsid': 20238306,
## 'iiifbaseuri': 'https://ids.lib.harvard.edu/ids/iiif/20238306',
## 'imageid': 206986,
## 'publiccaption': None,
## 'renditionnumber': 'INV118237',
## 'width': 1975}],
## 'labeltext': None,
## 'lastupdate': '2018-11-02T04:22:45-0400',
## 'markscount': 2,
## 'mediacount': 0,
## 'medium': 'Black ink and watercolor on cream laid paper',
## 'objectid': 317164,
## 'objectnumber': '2009.100.27',
## 'people': [{'alphasort': 'Feininger, Lyonel',
## 'birthplace': 'New York, NY',
## 'culture': 'American',
## 'deathplace': 'New York, NY',
## 'displaydate': '1871 - 1956',
## 'displayname': 'Lyonel Feininger',
## 'displayorder': 1,
## 'gender': 'male',
## 'name': 'Lyonel Feininger',
## 'personid': 20002,
## 'prefix': None,
## 'role': 'Artist'}],
## 'peoplecount': 1,
## 'period': None,
## 'periodid': None,
## 'primaryimageurl': 'https://idscache.harvardartmuseums.org/ids/view/15962469',
## 'provenance': 'Lyonel Feininger (1955-56), bequest; to Julia '
## 'Feininger (1956-by 1970), gift; to William S. '
## 'Lieberman (by 1970-2005), bequest; to '
## 'Busch-Reisinger Museum, 2006.\r\n'
## '\r\n'
## 'Footnotes:\r\n'
## "According to Peter Nisbet's 11 Sept. 2008 memo to "
## 'Frank Connors (in object file, along with other '
## 'documentation), it is highly likely that Julia '
## "Feininger, the artist's widow, gave William "
## 'Lieberman (1924-2005) the 590 drawings that '
## 'compose the Lieberman Bequest. Neither the '
## "lawyers for Feininger's estate nor his two sons "
## 'have been able to confirm whether, and at what '
## 'time, Julia might have given Lieberman the '
## 'drawings. However, their statements corroborate '
## 'the friendship between Julia and Lieberman, and '
## 'the likelihood of her giving him such a gift. \r\n'
## '\r\n'
## 'Lieberman would have received the drawings '
## 'between 1956, when Feininger died, and 1970, when '
## 'Julia died. Beginning in the 1960s, nearly all of '
## 'the drawings were, at some point, on loan to '
## 'MoMA. Some of the loans came from Lieberman, '
## 'while others came from Julia; of the loans given '
## "by Julia, many passed into Lieberman's ownership "
## 'later, at which point he re-loaned some of them '
## 'to MoMA. \r\n'
## '\r\n'
## "Lieberman's personal papers, which might contain "
## 'more specific information about how he acquired '
## 'the drawings, are not currently accessible. They '
## 'are in the care of his executor, Anne Strauss of '
## 'the Metropolitan Museum, who has yet to examine '
## 'them.',
## 'publicationcount': 1,
## 'rank': 5,
## 'relatedcount': 0,
## 'seeAlso': [{'format': 'application/json',
## 'id': 'https://iiif.harvardartmuseums.org/manifests/object/317164',
## 'profile': 'http://iiif.io/api/presentation/2/context.json',
## 'type': 'IIIF Manifest'}],
## 'signed': 'l.r., black ink: Feininger 1935',
## 'standardreferencenumber': None,
## 'state': None,
## 'style': None,
## 'technique': None,
## 'techniqueid': None,
## 'title': 'Untitled [Four Figures]',
## 'titlescount': 1,
## 'totalpageviews': 463,
## 'totaluniquepageviews': 407,
## 'url': 'https://www.harvardartmuseums.org/collections/object/317164',
## 'verificationlevel': 3,
## 'verificationleveldescription': 'Good. Object is well described '
## 'and information is vetted',
## 'worktypes': [{'worktype': 'drawing', 'worktypeid': '125'}]},
## {'accessionmethod': 'Purchase',
## 'accessionyear': 2006,
## 'accesslevel': 1,
## 'century': '19th century',
## 'classification': 'Paintings',
## 'classificationid': 26,
## 'colorcount': 10,
## 'colors': [{'color': '#323232',
## 'css3': '#2f4f4f',
## 'hue': 'Grey',
## 'percent': 0.63716417910448,
## 'spectrum': '#2eb45d'},
## {'color': '#191919',
## 'css3': '#000000',
## 'hue': 'Grey',
## 'percent': 0.10024875621891,
## 'spectrum': '#1eb264'},
## {'color': '#4b4b4b',
## 'css3': '#2f4f4f',
## 'hue': 'Grey',
## 'percent': 0.058507462686567,
## 'spectrum': '#3db657'},
## {'color': '#644b32',
## 'css3': '#556b2f',
## 'hue': 'Brown',
## 'percent': 0.056517412935323,
## 'spectrum': '#59ba4a'},
## {'color': '#afafaf',
## 'css3': '#a9a9a9',
## 'hue': 'Grey',
## 'percent': 0.044726368159204,
## 'spectrum': '#8c5fa8'},
## {'color': '#64644b',
## 'css3': '#696969',
## 'hue': 'Green',
## 'percent': 0.030746268656716,
## 'spectrum': '#59ba4a'},
## {'color': '#96967d',
## 'css3': '#808080',
## 'hue': 'Green',
## 'percent': 0.023333333333333,
## 'spectrum': '#8e5ea7'},
## {'color': '#7d7d64',
## 'css3': '#808080',
## 'hue': 'Yellow',
## 'percent': 0.018308457711443,
## 'spectrum': '#6cbd45'},
## {'color': '#c8c8af',
## 'css3': '#c0c0c0',
## 'hue': 'Green',
## 'percent': 0.016616915422886,
## 'spectrum': '#b55592'},
## {'color': '#7d6432',
## 'css3': '#a0522d',
## 'hue': 'Yellow',
## 'percent': 0.0056716417910448,
## 'spectrum': '#6cbd45'}],
## 'commentary': None,
## 'contact': 'am_europeanamerican@harvard.edu',
## 'contextualtextcount': 0,
## 'copyright': None,
## 'creditline': 'Harvard Art Museums/Fogg Museum, Daniel A. '
## 'Pollack, Class of 1960, American Art Acquisition '
## 'Fund',
## 'culture': 'American',
## 'datebegin': 1795,
## 'dated': 'c. 1800-1810',
## 'dateend': 1810,
## 'dateoffirstpageview': '2009-06-24',
## 'dateoflastpageview': '2018-10-09',
## 'department': 'Department of American Paintings, Sculpture & '
## 'Decorative Arts',
## 'description': None,
## 'dimensions': '7 x 5.5 cm (2 3/4 x 2 3/16 in.)',
## 'division': 'European and American Art',
## 'edition': None,
## 'exhibitioncount': 3,
## 'groupcount': 2,
## 'id': 317736,
## 'imagecount': 2,
## 'imagepermissionlevel': 0,
## 'images': [{'baseimageurl': 'https://idscache.harvardartmuseums.org/ids/view/20029186',
## 'copyright': 'President and Fellows of Harvard '
## 'College',
## 'displayorder': 1,
## 'format': 'image/jpeg',
## 'height': 2550,
## 'idsid': 20029186,
## 'iiifbaseuri': 'https://ids.lib.harvard.edu/ids/iiif/20029186',
## 'imageid': 259070,
## 'publiccaption': None,
## 'renditionnumber': 'DDC103481',
## 'width': 2251},
## {'baseimageurl': 'https://idscache.harvardartmuseums.org/ids/view/20414743',
## 'copyright': 'President and Fellows of Harvard '
## 'College',
## 'displayorder': 2,
## 'format': 'image/jpeg',
## 'height': 2455,
## 'idsid': 20414743,
## 'iiifbaseuri': 'https://ids.lib.harvard.edu/ids/iiif/20414743',
## 'imageid': 208201,
## 'publiccaption': None,
## 'renditionnumber': 'INV119263',
## 'width': 2193}],
## 'labeltext': None,
## 'lastupdate': '2018-11-02T04:22:50-0400',
## 'markscount': 0,
## 'mediacount': 0,
## 'medium': 'Watercolor on ivory',
## 'objectid': 317736,
## 'objectnumber': '2006.192',
## 'people': [{'alphasort': 'Peale, Raphaelle',
## 'birthplace': 'Annapolis, MD',
## 'culture': 'American',
## 'deathplace': 'Philadelphia, PA',
## 'displaydate': '1774 - 1825',
## 'displayname': 'Raphaelle Peale',
## 'displayorder': 1,
## 'gender': 'male',
## 'name': 'Raphaelle Peale',
## 'personid': 50769,
## 'prefix': None,
## 'role': 'Artist'}],
## 'peoplecount': 1,
## 'period': None,
## 'periodid': None,
## 'primaryimageurl': 'https://idscache.harvardartmuseums.org/ids/view/20029186',
## 'provenance': 'Private collection; with Angela Einstein, '
## 'Cambridge, MA, 2006.',
## 'publicationcount': 2,
## 'rank': 6,
## 'relatedcount': 0,
## 'seeAlso': [{'format': 'application/json',
## 'id': 'https://iiif.harvardartmuseums.org/manifests/object/317736',
## 'profile': 'http://iiif.io/api/presentation/2/context.json',
## 'type': 'IIIF Manifest'}],
## 'signed': 'r.c.: R. Peale',
## 'standardreferencenumber': None,
## 'state': None,
## 'style': None,
## 'technique': None,
## 'techniqueid': None,
## 'title': 'Perry Albert Cohea',
## 'titlescount': 1,
## 'totalpageviews': 445,
## 'totaluniquepageviews': 383,
## 'url': 'https://www.harvardartmuseums.org/collections/object/317736',
## 'verificationlevel': 4,
## 'verificationleveldescription': 'Best. Object is extensively '
## 'researched, well described and '
## 'information is vetted',
## 'worktypes': [{'worktype': 'painting', 'worktypeid': '242'}]},
## {'accessionmethod': 'Purchase',
## 'accessionyear': 1986,
## 'accesslevel': 1,
## 'century': '8th century BCE',
## 'classification': 'Jewelry',
## 'classificationid': 19,
## 'colorcount': 0,
## 'commentary': None,
## 'contact': 'am_asianmediterranean@harvard.edu',
## 'contextualtextcount': 1,
## 'copyright': None,
## 'creditline': 'Harvard Art Museums/Arthur M. Sackler Museum, '
## 'Ancient Art Acquisition Fund through the '
## 'generosity of Walter Cliff and Ursula Cliff',
## 'culture': 'Greek',
## 'datebegin': -750,
## 'dated': 'second half 8th century BCE',
## 'dateend': -700,
## 'dateoffirstpageview': '2009-06-22',
## 'dateoflastpageview': '2018-10-09',
## 'department': 'Department of Ancient and Byzantine Art & '
## 'Numismatics',
## 'description': None,
## 'details': {'technical': [{'formattedtext': '<P><FONT '
## 'size=3><FONT '
## 'face="Times New '
## 'Roman"><SPAN '
## 'style="mso-fareast-font-family: '
## 'Calibri; '
## 'mso-fareast-theme-font: '
## 'minor-latin">ICP-MS/AAA '
## 'data from sample, '
## 'Bronze:</SPAN><SPAN '
## 'style="FONT-SIZE: '
## '9pt; FONT-FAMILY: '
## '\'Arial\',\'sans-serif\'"><?xml:namespace '
## 'prefix = "o" ns = '
## '"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" '
## '/><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></FONT></P>\r\n'
## '<P><SPAN '
## 'style="mso-fareast-font-family: '
## 'Calibri; '
## 'mso-fareast-theme-font: '
## 'minor-latin"><FONT '
## 'face="Times New '
## 'Roman"><FONT '
## 'size=3>Cu, <SPAN '
## 'style="mso-no-proof: '
## 'yes">86.74</SPAN>; '
## 'Sn, <SPAN '
## 'style="mso-no-proof: '
## 'yes">12.64</SPAN>; '
## 'Pb, <SPAN '
## 'style="mso-no-proof: '
## 'yes">0.43</SPAN>; '
## 'Zn, <SPAN '
## 'style="mso-no-proof: '
## 'yes">0.024</SPAN>; '
## 'Fe, <SPAN '
## 'style="mso-no-proof: '
## 'yes">0.08</SPAN>; '
## 'Ni, <SPAN '
## 'style="mso-no-proof: '
## 'yes">0.03</SPAN>; '
## 'Ag, <SPAN '
## 'style="mso-no-proof: '
## 'yes">0.02</SPAN>; '
## 'Sb, <SPAN '
## 'style="mso-no-proof: '
## 'yes">0.03</SPAN>; '
## 'As, <SPAN '
## 'style="mso-no-proof: '
## 'yes">less than '
## '0.10</SPAN>; Bi, '
## '<SPAN '
## 'style="mso-no-proof: '
## 'yes">less than '
## '0.025</SPAN>; Co, '
## '<SPAN '
## 'style="mso-no-proof: '
## 'yes">less than '
## '0.005</SPAN>; Au, '
## '<SPAN '
## 'style="mso-no-proof: '
## 'yes">less than '
## '0.01</SPAN>; Cd, '
## 'less than '
## '0.001</FONT></FONT></SPAN></P>\r\n'
## '<P><SPAN '
## 'style="mso-fareast-font-family: '
## 'Calibri; '
## 'mso-fareast-theme-font: '
## 'minor-latin"><FONT '
## 'face="Times New '
## 'Roman"><FONT '
## 'size=3><o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></SPAN> </P>\r\n'
## '<P><FONT '
## 'face="Times New '
## 'Roman"><FONT '
## 'size=3><SPAN '
## 'style="mso-fareast-font-family: '
## 'Calibri; '
## 'mso-fareast-theme-font: '
## 'minor-latin">J. '
## 'Riederer</SPAN></FONT></FONT></P>',
## 'text': 'ICP-MS/AAA data from sample, '
## 'Bronze:\r\n'
## 'Cu, 86.74; Sn, 12.64; Pb, '
## '0.43; Zn, 0.024; Fe, 0.08; '
## 'Ni, 0.03; Ag, 0.02; Sb, '
## '0.03; As, less than 0.10; '
## 'Bi, less than 0.025; Co, '
## 'less than 0.005; Au, less '
## 'than 0.01; Cd, less than '
## '0.001\r\n'
## '\r\n'
## 'J. Riederer',
## 'type': 'Chemical Composition'},
## {'formattedtext': '<P class=MsoNormal '
## 'style="MARGIN: 0in '
## '0in 0pt; '
## 'LINE-HEIGHT: '
## 'normal"><SPAN '
## 'style="FONT-SIZE: '
## '12pt; FONT-FAMILY: '
## "'Times New "
## "Roman','serif'; "
## 'mso-fareast-font-family: '
## "'Times New "
## 'Roman\'">XRF data '
## 'from <SPAN '
## 'style="mso-no-proof: '
## 'yes">Artax '
## '1</SPAN><?xml:namespace '
## 'prefix = "o" ns = '
## '"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" '
## '/><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>\r\n'
## '<P class=MsoNormal '
## 'style="MARGIN: 0in '
## '0in 0pt; '
## 'LINE-HEIGHT: '
## 'normal"><SPAN '
## 'style="FONT-SIZE: '
## '12pt; FONT-FAMILY: '
## "'Times New "
## "Roman','serif'; "
## 'mso-fareast-font-family: '
## "'Times New "
## 'Roman\'">Alloy: '
## '<SPAN '
## 'style="mso-no-proof: '
## 'yes">Bronze</SPAN><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>\r\n'
## '<P class=MsoNormal '
## 'style="MARGIN: 0in '
## '0in 0pt; '
## 'LINE-HEIGHT: '
## 'normal"><SPAN '
## 'style="FONT-SIZE: '
## '12pt; FONT-FAMILY: '
## "'Times New "
## "Roman','serif'; "
## 'mso-fareast-font-family: '
## "'Times New "
## 'Roman\'">Alloying '
## 'Elements: <SPAN '
## 'style="mso-no-proof: '
## 'yes">copper, '
## 'tin</SPAN><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>\r\n'
## '<P class=MsoNormal '
## 'style="MARGIN: 0in '
## '0in 0pt; '
## 'LINE-HEIGHT: '
## 'normal"><SPAN '
## 'style="FONT-SIZE: '
## '12pt; FONT-FAMILY: '
## "'Times New "
## "Roman','serif'; "
## 'mso-fareast-font-family: '
## "'Times New "
## 'Roman\'">Other '
## 'Elements: <SPAN '
## 'style="mso-no-proof: '
## 'yes">lead, '
## 'iron<o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>\r\n'
## '<P class=MsoNormal '
## 'style="MARGIN: 0in '
## '0in 0pt; '
## 'LINE-HEIGHT: '
## 'normal"><SPAN '
## 'style="FONT-SIZE: '
## '12pt; FONT-FAMILY: '
## "'Times New "
## "Roman','serif'; "
## 'mso-fareast-font-family: '
## "'Times New "
## 'Roman\'"> </SPAN></P>\r\n'
## '<P class=MsoNormal '
## 'style="MARGIN: 0in '
## '0in 2.25pt; '
## 'LINE-HEIGHT: '
## 'normal"><SPAN '
## 'style="FONT-SIZE: '
## '12pt; FONT-FAMILY: '
## "'Times New "
## "Roman','serif'; "
## 'mso-fareast-font-family: '
## "'Times New Roman'; "
## 'mso-no-proof: '
## 'yes">K. Eremin, '
## 'January '
## '2014</SPAN><SPAN '
## 'style="FONT-SIZE: '
## '12pt; FONT-FAMILY: '
## "'Times New "
## "Roman','serif'; "
## 'mso-fareast-font-family: '
## "'Times New Roman'; "
## 'mso-ascii-theme-font: '
## 'major-bidi; '
## 'mso-hansi-theme-font: '
## 'major-bidi; '
## 'mso-bidi-theme-font: '
## 'major-bidi"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>',
## 'text': 'XRF data from Artax 1\r\n'
## 'Alloy: Bronze\r\n'
## 'Alloying Elements: copper, '
## 'tin\r\n'
## 'Other Elements: lead, '
## 'iron\r\n'
## ' \r\n'
## 'K. Eremin, January 2014',
## 'type': 'Chemical Composition'},
## {'formattedtext': '<SPAN '
## 'style="mso-ascii-font-family: '
## "'Times New Roman'; "
## 'mso-ascii-theme-font: '
## 'major-bidi; '
## 'mso-hansi-font-family: '
## "'Times New Roman'; "
## 'mso-hansi-theme-font: '
## 'major-bidi; '
## 'mso-bidi-font-family: '
## "'Times New Roman'; "
## 'mso-bidi-theme-font: '
## 'major-bidi"><FONT '
## 'size=3 face="Times '
## 'New Roman"><SPAN '
## 'style="FONT-SIZE: '
## '12pt; FONT-FAMILY: '
## "'Times New "
## "Roman','serif'; "
## 'LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; '
## 'mso-fareast-font-family: '
## "'Times New "
## 'Roman\'">\r\n'
## '<P class=MsoNormal '
## 'style="MARGIN: 0in '
## '0in 3pt; '
## 'LINE-HEIGHT: '
## 'normal"><SPAN '
## 'style="FONT-SIZE: '
## '12pt; FONT-FAMILY: '
## "'Times New "
## "Roman','serif'; "
## 'mso-fareast-font-family: '
## "'Times New "
## 'Roman\'">All of the '
## 'Geometric fibulae '
## 'and fibula '
## 'fragments have a '
## 'green patina. '
## '</SPAN><SPAN '
## 'style="FONT-SIZE: '
## '12pt; FONT-FAMILY: '
## "'Times New "
## 'Roman\',\'serif\'"><A '
## 'href="http://www.harvardartmuseums.org/collections/object/304301"><SPAN '
## 'style="mso-fareast-font-family: '
## "'Times New "
## 'Roman\'">1985.35</SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN '
## 'style="FONT-SIZE: '
## '12pt; FONT-FAMILY: '
## "'Times New "
## "Roman','serif'; "
## 'mso-fareast-font-family: '
## "'Times New "
## 'Roman\'">, '
## '</SPAN><SPAN '
## 'style="FONT-SIZE: '
## '12pt; FONT-FAMILY: '
## "'Times New "
## 'Roman\',\'serif\'"><A '
## 'href="http://www.harvardartmuseums.org/collections/object/304211"><SPAN '
## 'style="mso-fareast-font-family: '
## "'Times New "
## 'Roman\'">1985.36</SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN '
## 'style="FONT-SIZE: '
## '12pt; FONT-FAMILY: '
## "'Times New "
## "Roman','serif'; "
## 'mso-fareast-font-family: '
## "'Times New "
## 'Roman\'">, and '
## '</SPAN><SPAN '
## 'style="FONT-SIZE: '
## '12pt; FONT-FAMILY: '
## "'Times New "
## 'Roman\',\'serif\'"><A '
## 'href="http://www.harvardartmuseums.org/collections/object/304100"><SPAN '
## 'style="mso-fareast-font-family: '
## "'Times New "
## 'Roman\'">1985.158</SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN '
## 'style="FONT-SIZE: '
## '12pt; FONT-FAMILY: '
## "'Times New "
## "Roman','serif'; "
## 'mso-fareast-font-family: '
## "'Times New "
## 'Roman\'"> also show '
## 'large areas of '
## 'black, brown, and '
## 'some red corrosion '
## 'products. <B '
## 'style="mso-bidi-font-weight: '
## 'normal">1986.655</B> '
## 'has been cleaned '
## 'more than the '
## 'others have. It is '
## 'mostly black and '
## 'brown, with small '
## 'areas of green, '
## 'exposed red, and '
## 'bright metal. The '
## 'fragmentary '
## 'catchplates '
## '(</SPAN><SPAN '
## 'style="FONT-SIZE: '
## '12pt; FONT-FAMILY: '
## "'Times New "
## 'Roman\',\'serif\'"><A '
## 'href="http://www.harvardartmuseums.org/collections/object/303937"><SPAN '
## 'style="mso-fareast-font-family: '
## "'Times New "
## 'Roman\'">1986.579</SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN '
## 'style="FONT-SIZE: '
## '12pt; FONT-FAMILY: '
## "'Times New "
## "Roman','serif'; "
## 'mso-fareast-font-family: '
## "'Times New "
## 'Roman\'">, '
## '</SPAN><SPAN '
## 'style="FONT-SIZE: '
## '12pt; FONT-FAMILY: '
## "'Times New "
## 'Roman\',\'serif\'"><A '
## 'href="http://www.harvardartmuseums.org/collections/object/303950"><SPAN '
## 'style="mso-fareast-font-family: '
## "'Times New "
## 'Roman\'">1986.580</SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN '
## 'style="FONT-SIZE: '
## '12pt; FONT-FAMILY: '
## "'Times New "
## "Roman','serif'; "
## 'mso-fareast-font-family: '
## "'Times New "
## 'Roman\'">, '
## '</SPAN><SPAN '
## 'style="FONT-SIZE: '
## '12pt; FONT-FAMILY: '
## "'Times New "
## 'Roman\',\'serif\'"><A '
## 'href="http://www.harvardartmuseums.org/collections/object/303938"><SPAN '
## 'style="mso-fareast-font-family: '
## "'Times New "
## 'Roman\'">1986.581</SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN '
## 'style="FONT-SIZE: '
## '12pt; FONT-FAMILY: '
## "'Times New "
## "Roman','serif'; "
## 'mso-fareast-font-family: '
## "'Times New "
## 'Roman\'">, '
## '</SPAN><SPAN '
## 'style="FONT-SIZE: '
## '12pt; FONT-FAMILY: '
## "'Times New "
## 'Roman\',\'serif\'"><A '
## 'href="http://www.harvardartmuseums.org/collections/object/303939"><SPAN '
## 'style="mso-fareast-font-family: '
## "'Times New "
## 'Roman\'">1986.582</SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN '
## 'style="FONT-SIZE: '
## '12pt; FONT-FAMILY: '
## "'Times New "
## "Roman','serif'; "
## 'mso-fareast-font-family: '
## "'Times New "
## 'Roman\'">, '
## '</SPAN><SPAN '
## 'style="FONT-SIZE: '
## '12pt; FONT-FAMILY: '
## "'Times New "
## 'Roman\',\'serif\'"><A '
## 'href="http://www.harvardartmuseums.org/collections/object/303875"><SPAN '
## 'style="mso-fareast-font-family: '
## "'Times New "
## 'Roman\'">1986.583</SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN '
## 'style="FONT-SIZE: '
## '12pt; FONT-FAMILY: '
## "'Times New "
## "Roman','serif'; "
## 'mso-fareast-font-family: '
## "'Times New "
## 'Roman\'">, '
## '</SPAN><SPAN '
## 'style="FONT-SIZE: '
## '12pt; FONT-FAMILY: '
## "'Times New "
## 'Roman\',\'serif\'"><A '
## 'href="http://www.harvardartmuseums.org/collections/object/303904"><SPAN '
## 'style="mso-fareast-font-family: '
## "'Times New "
## 'Roman\'">1986.584</SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN '
## 'style="FONT-SIZE: '
## '12pt; FONT-FAMILY: '
## "'Times New "
## "Roman','serif'; "
## 'mso-fareast-font-family: '
## "'Times New "
## 'Roman\'">, '
## '</SPAN><SPAN '
## 'style="FONT-SIZE: '
## '12pt; FONT-FAMILY: '
## "'Times New "
## 'Roman\',\'serif\'"><A '
## 'href="http://www.harvardartmuseums.org/collections/object/303876"><SPAN '
## 'style="mso-fareast-font-family: '
## "'Times New "
## 'Roman\'">1986.585</SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN '
## 'style="FONT-SIZE: '
## '12pt; FONT-FAMILY: '
## "'Times New "
## "Roman','serif'; "
## 'mso-fareast-font-family: '
## "'Times New "
## 'Roman\'">, '
## '</SPAN><SPAN '
## 'style="FONT-SIZE: '
## '12pt; FONT-FAMILY: '
## "'Times New "
## 'Roman\',\'serif\'"><A '
## 'href="http://www.harvardartmuseums.org/collections/object/303940"><SPAN '
## 'style="mso-fareast-font-family: '
## "'Times New "
## 'Roman\'">1986.587</SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN '
## 'style="FONT-SIZE: '
## '12pt; FONT-FAMILY: '
## "'Times New "
## "Roman','serif'; "
## 'mso-fareast-font-family: '
## "'Times New "
## 'Roman\'">, '
## '</SPAN><SPAN '
## 'style="FONT-SIZE: '
## '12pt; FONT-FAMILY: '
## "'Times New "
## 'Roman\',\'serif\'"><A '
## 'href="http://www.harvardartmuseums.org/collections/object/303877"><SPAN '
## 'style="mso-fareast-font-family: '
## "'Times New "
## 'Roman\'">1986.588</SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN '
## 'style="FONT-SIZE: '
## '12pt; FONT-FAMILY: '
## "'Times New "
## "Roman','serif'; "
## 'mso-fareast-font-family: '
## "'Times New "
## 'Roman\'">, and '
## '</SPAN><SPAN '
## 'style="FONT-SIZE: '
## '12pt; FONT-FAMILY: '
## "'Times New "
## 'Roman\',\'serif\'"><A '
## 'href="http://www.harvardartmuseums.org/collections/object/303905"><SPAN '
## 'style="mso-fareast-font-family: '
## "'Times New "
## 'Roman\'">1986.589</SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN '
## 'style="FONT-SIZE: '
## '12pt; FONT-FAMILY: '
## "'Times New "
## "Roman','serif'; "
## 'mso-fareast-font-family: '
## "'Times New "
## 'Roman\'">) are '
## 'significantly '
## 'mineralized and '
## 'very fragile. The '
## 'more complete '
## 'fibulae are '
## 'generally less '
## 'mineralized and '
## 'even retain '
## 'flexibility in '
## 'their pin '
## 'elements.<?xml:namespace '
## 'prefix = "o" ns = '
## '"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" '
## '/><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>\r\n'
## '<P class=MsoNormal '
## 'style="MARGIN: 0in '
## '0in 3pt; '
## 'LINE-HEIGHT: '
## 'normal"><SPAN '
## 'style="FONT-SIZE: '
## '12pt; FONT-FAMILY: '
## "'Times New "
## "Roman','serif'; "
## 'mso-fareast-font-family: '
## "'Times New "
## 'Roman\'"><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></P>\r\n'
## '<P class=MsoNormal '
## 'style="MARGIN: 0in '
## '0in 10pt"><SPAN '
## 'style="FONT-SIZE: '
## '12pt; FONT-FAMILY: '
## "'Times New "
## "Roman','serif'; "
## 'LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; '
## 'mso-fareast-font-family: '
## "'Times New "
## 'Roman\'">Examining '
## 'the Geometric '
## 'fibulae and '
## 'fragments as a '
## 'group, it appears '
## 'that the method of '
## 'manufacture was to '
## 'cast the more '
## 'three-dimensional '
## 'bow section with '
## 'appendages that '
## 'could subsequently '
## 'be hammered into '
## 'the flat '
## 'catchplates and '
## 'elongated pin '
## 'sections. With '
## 'designs such as '
## '</SPAN><SPAN '
## 'style="FONT-SIZE: '
## '12pt; FONT-FAMILY: '
## "'Times New "
## "Roman','serif'; "
## 'LINE-HEIGHT: '
## '115%"><A '
## 'href="http://www.harvardartmuseums.org/collections/object/304106"><SPAN '
## 'style="mso-fareast-font-family: '
## "'Times New "
## 'Roman\'">1978.62</SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN '
## 'style="FONT-SIZE: '
## '12pt; FONT-FAMILY: '
## "'Times New "
## "Roman','serif'; "
## 'LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; '
## 'mso-fareast-font-family: '
## "'Times New "
## 'Roman\'"> and '
## '</SPAN><SPAN '
## 'style="FONT-SIZE: '
## '12pt; FONT-FAMILY: '
## "'Times New "
## "Roman','serif'; "
## 'LINE-HEIGHT: '
## '115%"><A '
## 'href="http://www.harvardartmuseums.org/collections/object/304100"><SPAN '
## 'style="mso-fareast-font-family: '
## "'Times New "
## 'Roman\'">1985.158</SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN '
## 'style="FONT-SIZE: '
## '12pt; FONT-FAMILY: '
## "'Times New "
## "Roman','serif'; "
## 'LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; '
## 'mso-fareast-font-family: '
## "'Times New "
## 'Roman\'">, cast '
## 'sections lie at two '
## 'opposite sides of '
## 'the flat '
## 'catchplate, '
## 'indicating that the '
## 'hammering of the '
## 'plate occurred in '
## 'the middle of the '
## 'casting. Some '
## 'incised decoration '
## 'may have been added '
## 'to the cast '
## 'sections (see the '
## 'detail of arm of '
## '</SPAN><SPAN '
## 'style="FONT-SIZE: '
## '12pt; FONT-FAMILY: '
## "'Times New "
## "Roman','serif'; "
## 'LINE-HEIGHT: '
## '115%"><A '
## 'href="http://www.harvardartmuseums.org/collections/object/304106"><SPAN '
## 'style="mso-fareast-font-family: '
## "'Times New "
## 'Roman\'">1978.62</SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN '
## 'style="FONT-SIZE: '
## '12pt; FONT-FAMILY: '
## "'Times New "
## "Roman','serif'; "
## 'LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; '
## 'mso-fareast-font-family: '
## "'Times New "
## 'Roman\'">), but '
## 'most decoration is '
## 'limited to the flat '
## 'catchplates.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>\r\n'
## '<P class=MsoNormal '
## 'style="MARGIN: 0in '
## '0in 3pt; '
## 'LINE-HEIGHT: '
## 'normal"><SPAN '
## 'style="FONT-SIZE: '
## '12pt; FONT-FAMILY: '
## "'Times New "
## "Roman','serif'; "
## 'mso-fareast-font-family: '
## "'Times New "
## 'Roman\'"><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></P>\r\n'
## '<P class=MsoNormal '
## 'style="MARGIN: 0in '
## '0in 3pt; '
## 'LINE-HEIGHT: '
## 'normal"><SPAN '
## 'style="FONT-SIZE: '
## '12pt; FONT-FAMILY: '
## "'Times New "
## "Roman','serif'; "
## 'mso-fareast-font-family: '
## "'Times New "
## 'Roman\'">Joins '
## 'between the cast '
## 'element and the '
## 'pins of '
## '</SPAN><SPAN '
## 'style="FONT-SIZE: '
## '12pt; FONT-FAMILY: '
## "'Times New "
## 'Roman\',\'serif\'"><A '
## 'href="http://www.harvardartmuseums.org/collections/object/304100"><SPAN '
## 'style="mso-fareast-font-family: '
## "'Times New "
## 'Roman\'">1985.158</SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN '
## 'style="FONT-SIZE: '
## '12pt; FONT-FAMILY: '
## "'Times New "
## "Roman','serif'; "
## 'mso-fareast-font-family: '
## "'Times New "
## 'Roman\'"> and '
## '</SPAN><SPAN '
## 'style="FONT-SIZE: '
## '12pt; FONT-FAMILY: '
## "'Times New "
## 'Roman\',\'serif\'"><A '
## 'href="http://www.harvardartmuseums.org/collections/object/312120"><SPAN '
## 'style="mso-fareast-font-family: '
## "'Times New "
## 'Roman\'">1952.110</SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN '
## 'style="FONT-SIZE: '
## '12pt; FONT-FAMILY: '
## "'Times New "
## "Roman','serif'; "
## 'mso-fareast-font-family: '
## "'Times New "
## 'Roman\'"> are '
## 'visible in '
## 'x-radiographs and '
## 'under '
## 'magnification. None '
## 'of the other more '
## 'complete examples, '
## 'which were '
## 'x-radiographed and '
## 'examined with a '
## 'stereomicroscope, '
## 'were found to have '
## 'joins at these or '
## 'any other '
## 'locations. The '
## 'joins in these two '
## 'examples may be '
## 'repairs made after '
## 'the pins were '
## 'broken during '
## 'fabrication. '
## 'Presumably, the '
## 'work hardening of '
## 'the plates and the '
## 'pins during forming '
## 'would have been '
## 'desirable, since it '
## 'would help them to '
## 'hold their shape '
## 'better and would '
## 'provide elasticity '
## 'to the pin section. '
## 'The method of '
## 'production might '
## 'have made the '
## 'spring coil prone '
## 'to breakage, hence '
## 'the need for a '
## 'repair '
## 'join.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>\r\n'
## '<P class=MsoNormal '
## 'style="MARGIN: 0in '
## '0in 3pt; '
## 'LINE-HEIGHT: '
## 'normal"><SPAN '
## 'style="FONT-SIZE: '
## '12pt; FONT-FAMILY: '
## "'Times New "
## "Roman','serif'; "
## 'mso-fareast-font-family: '
## "'Times New "
## 'Roman\'"><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></P>\r\n'
## '<P class=MsoNormal '
## 'style="MARGIN: 0in '
## '0in 10pt"><SPAN '
## 'style="FONT-SIZE: '
## '12pt; FONT-FAMILY: '
## "'Times New "
## "Roman','serif'; "
## 'LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; '
## 'mso-fareast-font-family: '
## "'Times New "
## 'Roman\'">The main '
## 'portion of the '
## 'catchplate section '
## 'is in most cases '
## 'relatively even, '
## 'usually varying by '
## 'no more than 0.2 '
## 'mm. The average '
## 'thickness ranges '
## 'from 0.5 to 0.7 mm '
## 'in the group. The '
## 'back of '
## '</SPAN><SPAN '
## 'style="FONT-SIZE: '
## '12pt; FONT-FAMILY: '
## "'Times New "
## "Roman','serif'; "
## 'LINE-HEIGHT: '
## '115%"><A '
## 'href="http://www.harvardartmuseums.org/collections/object/303937"><SPAN '
## 'style="mso-fareast-font-family: '
## "'Times New "
## 'Roman\'">1986.579</SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN '
## 'style="FONT-SIZE: '
## '12pt; FONT-FAMILY: '
## "'Times New "
## "Roman','serif'; "
## 'LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; '
## 'mso-fareast-font-family: '
## "'Times New "
## 'Roman\'"> is not '
## 'decorated and shows '
## 'hammer marks '
## 'related to its '
## 'fabrication. It and '
## '</SPAN><SPAN '
## 'style="FONT-SIZE: '
## '12pt; FONT-FAMILY: '
## "'Times New "
## "Roman','serif'; "
## 'LINE-HEIGHT: '
## '115%"><A '
## 'href="http://www.harvardartmuseums.org/collections/object/304235"><SPAN '
## 'style="mso-fareast-font-family: '
## "'Times New "
## 'Roman\'">1977.216.3416</SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN '
## 'style="FONT-SIZE: '
## '12pt; FONT-FAMILY: '
## "'Times New "
## "Roman','serif'; "
## 'LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; '
## 'mso-fareast-font-family: '
## "'Times New "
## 'Roman\'"> were the '
## 'only examples not '
## 'decorated on both '
## 'sides.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>\r\n'
## '<P class=MsoNormal '
## 'style="MARGIN: 0in '
## '0in 3pt; '
## 'LINE-HEIGHT: '
## 'normal"><SPAN '
## 'style="FONT-SIZE: '
## '12pt; FONT-FAMILY: '
## "'Times New "
## "Roman','serif'; "
## 'mso-fareast-font-family: '
## "'Times New "
## 'Roman\'"><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></P>\r\n'
## '<P class=MsoNormal '
## 'style="MARGIN: 0in '
## '0in 3pt; '
## 'LINE-HEIGHT: '
## 'normal"><SPAN '
## 'style="FONT-SIZE: '
## '12pt; FONT-FAMILY: '
## "'Times New "
## "Roman','serif'; "
## 'mso-fareast-font-family: '
## "'Times New "
## 'Roman\'">The large, '
## 'intact fibula '
## '</SPAN><B><SPAN '
## 'style="FONT-SIZE: '
## '12pt; FONT-FAMILY: '
## "'Times New "
## "Roman','serif'; "
## 'mso-fareast-font-family: '
## 'Calibri">1986.655</SPAN></B><SPAN '
## 'style="FONT-SIZE: '
## '12pt; FONT-FAMILY: '
## "'Times New "
## "Roman','serif'; "
## 'mso-fareast-font-family: '
## "'Times New "
## 'Roman\'"> has a '
## 'flat incised back '
## 'in addition to the '
## 'flat catchplate, '
## 'and there are no '
## 'three-dimensional '
## 'elements, except '
## 'for simple forms at '
## 'the juncture '
## 'between these '
## 'sections. The flat '
## 'plates in this case '
## 'are thicker (1.2 to '
## '1.4 mm), and it is '
## 'possible that their '
## 'general shape is '
## 'largely the result '
## 'of casting rather '
## 'than hammering. '
## '<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>\r\n'
## '<P class=MsoNormal '
## 'style="MARGIN: 0in '
## '0in 3pt; '
## 'LINE-HEIGHT: '
## 'normal"><SPAN '
## 'style="FONT-SIZE: '
## '12pt; FONT-FAMILY: '
## "'Times New "
## "Roman','serif'; "
## 'mso-fareast-font-family: '
## "'Times New "
## 'Roman\'"><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></P>\r\n'
## '<P class=MsoNormal '
## 'style="MARGIN: 0in '
## '0in 10pt"><SPAN '
## 'style="FONT-SIZE: '
## '12pt; FONT-FAMILY: '
## "'Times New "
## "Roman','serif'; "
## 'LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; '
## 'mso-fareast-font-family: '
## "'Times New "
## 'Roman\'">Incised '
## 'lines are mostly '
## 'confined to the '
## 'catchplates, but '
## 'are also present on '
## 'some of the arms '
## 'and cast sections. '
## 'They were made with '
## 'a variety of '
## 'pointed and flat '
## 'tool shapes. All '
## 'but two of the '
## 'catchplates, '
## '</SPAN><SPAN '
## 'style="FONT-SIZE: '
## '12pt; FONT-FAMILY: '
## "'Times New "
## "Roman','serif'; "
## 'LINE-HEIGHT: '
## '115%"><A '
## 'href="http://www.harvardartmuseums.org/collections/object/303937"><SPAN '
## 'style="mso-fareast-font-family: '
## "'Times New "
## 'Roman\'">1986.579</SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN '
## 'style="FONT-SIZE: '
## '12pt; FONT-FAMILY: '
## "'Times New "
## "Roman','serif'; "
## 'LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; '
## 'mso-fareast-font-family: '
## "'Times New "
## 'Roman\'"> and '
## '</SPAN><SPAN '
## 'style="FONT-SIZE: '
## '12pt; FONT-FAMILY: '
## "'Times New "
## "Roman','serif'; "
## 'LINE-HEIGHT: '
## '115%"><A '
## 'href="http://www.harvardartmuseums.org/collections/object/304235"><SPAN '
## 'style="mso-fareast-font-family: '
## "'Times New "
## 'Roman\'">1977.216.3416</SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN '
## 'style="FONT-SIZE: '
## '12pt; FONT-FAMILY: '
## "'Times New "
## "Roman','serif'; "
## 'LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; '
## 'mso-fareast-font-family: '
## "'Times New "
## 'Roman\'">, are '
## 'decorated on both '
## 'the front and back '
## 'sides. Incised '
## 'shapes include '
## 'dots, lines, '
## 'circles, '
## 'semicircles, arcs, '
## 'and <SPAN '
## 'style="mso-bidi-font-style: '
## 'italic">tremolo '
## 'decoration</SPAN>. '
## 'The more prominent '
## 'incised lines '
## 'measure about 0.3 '
## 'mm in width. Many '
## 'of these are '
## 'curves, but even '
## 'the straight lines '
## 'show irregularities '
## 'indicating they '
## 'were drawn '
## 'freehand, without '
## 'the use of a '
## 'straight edge. '
## 'Under magnification '
## '(see the detail of '
## '</SPAN><SPAN '
## 'style="FONT-SIZE: '
## '12pt; FONT-FAMILY: '
## "'Times New "
## "Roman','serif'; "
## 'LINE-HEIGHT: '
## '115%"><A '
## 'href="http://www.harvardartmuseums.org/collections/object/304106"><SPAN '
## 'style="mso-fareast-font-family: '
## "'Times New "
## 'Roman\'">1978.62</SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN '
## 'style="FONT-SIZE: '
## '12pt; FONT-FAMILY: '
## "'Times New "
## "Roman','serif'; "
## 'LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; '
## 'mso-fareast-font-family: '
## "'Times New "
## 'Roman\'">), one can '
## 'see a trough that '
## 'was made by drawing '
## 'flat and rounded '
## 'tool points across '
## 'the surface, with '
## 'borders of raised '
## 'metal pushed up at '
## 'both sides. The '
## 'height of the '
## 'raised borders '
## 'probably varies '
## 'with the hardness '
## 'of the metal and '
## 'the pressure '
## 'applied with the '
## 'tool. None of the '
## 'lines appears to '
## 'have been engraved '
## 'or made using any '
## 'other process that '
## 'involved cutting '
## 'and removing a line '
## 'of metal from the '
## 'surface.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>\r\n'
## '<P class=MsoNormal '
## 'style="MARGIN: 0in '
## '0in 3pt; '
## 'LINE-HEIGHT: '
## 'normal"><SPAN '
## 'style="FONT-SIZE: '
## '12pt; FONT-FAMILY: '
## "'Times New "
## "Roman','serif'; "
## 'mso-fareast-font-family: '
## "'Times New "
## 'Roman\'"><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></P>\r\n'
## '<P class=MsoNormal '
## 'style="MARGIN: 0in '
## '0in 10pt"><SPAN '
## 'style="FONT-SIZE: '
## '12pt; FONT-FAMILY: '
## "'Times New "
## "Roman','serif'; "
## 'LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; '
## 'mso-fareast-font-family: '
## "'Times New "
## 'Roman\'">Circular '
## 'shapes were made '
## 'with a '
## 'double-pointed '
## 'tool, with one '
## 'point used to mark '
## 'and hold the '
## 'circle’s center and '
## 'the other to '
## 'inscribe the '
## 'circular shape. '
## 'Border designs are '
## 'frequently a '
## 'combination of '
## 'large and small '
## 'concentric '
## 'semicircles. Each '
## 'semicircle of the '
## 'pair appears to '
## 'have been made as a '
## 'separate step. The '
## 'inner circle of the '
## 'borders on '
## '</SPAN><SPAN '
## 'style="FONT-SIZE: '
## '12pt; FONT-FAMILY: '
## "'Times New "
## "Roman','serif'; "
## 'LINE-HEIGHT: '
## '115%"><A '
## 'href="http://www.harvardartmuseums.org/collections/object/303875"><SPAN '
## 'style="mso-fareast-font-family: '
## "'Times New "
## 'Roman\'">1986.583</SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN '
## 'style="FONT-SIZE: '
## '12pt; FONT-FAMILY: '
## "'Times New "
## "Roman','serif'; "
## 'LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; '
## 'mso-fareast-font-family: '
## "'Times New "
## 'Roman\'"> is '
## 'faceted from '
## 'drawing the line in '
## 'steps, while the '
## 'outer circle is '
## 'smoothly drawn. '
## 'Many of the '
## 'circular lines vary '
## 'in width through '
## 'their arcs, and '
## 'this effect in '
## 'shorter arcs can be '
## 'used to form a row '
## 'of comma shapes '
## '(see the detail of '
## '</SPAN><SPAN '
## 'style="FONT-SIZE: '
## '12pt; FONT-FAMILY: '
## "'Times New "
## "Roman','serif'; "
## 'LINE-HEIGHT: '
## '115%"><A '
## 'href="http://www.harvardartmuseums.org/collections/object/304106"><SPAN '
## 'style="mso-fareast-font-family: '
## "'Times New "
## 'Roman\'">1978.62</SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN '
## 'style="FONT-SIZE: '
## '12pt; FONT-FAMILY: '
## "'Times New "
## "Roman','serif'; "
## 'LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; '
## 'mso-fareast-font-family: '
## "'Times New "
## 'Roman\'">). In '
## 'spite of the facets '
## 'visible in some '
## 'circles, their '
## 'small radii, which '
## 'range from 1.2 to '
## '2.0 mm in length, '
## 'make it unlikely '
## 'that the tool was '
## 'forced across the '
## 'surface with the '
## 'aid of a hammer. '
## '<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>\r\n'
## '<P class=MsoNormal '
## 'style="MARGIN: 0in '
## '0in 3pt; '
## 'LINE-HEIGHT: '
## 'normal"><SPAN '
## 'style="FONT-SIZE: '
## '12pt; FONT-FAMILY: '
## "'Times New "
## "Roman','serif'; "
## 'mso-fareast-font-family: '
## "'Times New "
## 'Roman\'"><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></P>\r\n'
## '<P class=MsoNormal '
## 'style="MARGIN: 0in '
## '0in 3pt; '
## 'LINE-HEIGHT: '
## 'normal"><SPAN '
## 'style="FONT-SIZE: '
## '12pt; FONT-FAMILY: '
## "'Times New "
## "Roman','serif'; "
## 'mso-fareast-font-family: '
## "'Times New "
## 'Roman\'">Tremolo '
## 'decoration (a fine '
## 'zigzag pattern made '
## 'by rocking a curved '
## 'chisel point back '
## 'and forth over the '
## 'surface) was used '
## 'as a border pattern '
## '(see the detail of '
## '</SPAN><SPAN '
## 'style="FONT-SIZE: '
## '12pt; FONT-FAMILY: '
## "'Times New "
## 'Roman\',\'serif\'"><A '
## 'href="http://www.harvardartmuseums.org/collections/object/303706"><SPAN '
## 'style="mso-fareast-font-family: '
## "'Times New "
## 'Roman\'">1986.384</SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN '
## 'style="FONT-SIZE: '
## '12pt; FONT-FAMILY: '
## "'Times New "
## "Roman','serif'; "
## 'mso-fareast-font-family: '
## "'Times New "
## 'Roman\'"> belt), as '
## 'a fill pattern (see '
## 'the detail of <B '
## 'style="mso-bidi-font-weight: '
## 'normal">1986.655</B>), '
## 'and as a general '
## 'drawing element. In '
## '<B '
## 'style="mso-bidi-font-weight: '
## 'normal">1986.655</B>, '
## 'animals were drawn '
## 'with the tool used '
## 'to make the tremolo '
## 'pattern, giving '
## 'them a soft, fuzzy '
## 'appearance. The '
## 'tremolo pattern '
## 'appears to have '
## 'been created by the '
## 'rocking from side '
## 'to side of a '
## 'flat-tipped tool '
## 'while it is '
## 'simultaneously '
## 'pushed forward '
## 'across the surface. '
## 'It may be that if '
## 'the tip was '
## 'slightly concave at '
## 'the center, the '
## 'marks appeared as '
## 'two distinct rows '
## 'with a gap in the '
## 'middle, as in the '
## 'border of '
## '</SPAN><SPAN '
## 'style="FONT-SIZE: '
## '12pt; FONT-FAMILY: '
## "'Times New "
## 'Roman\',\'serif\'"><A '
## 'href="http://www.harvardartmuseums.org/collections/object/303706"><SPAN '
## 'style="mso-fareast-font-family: '
## "'Times New "
## 'Roman\'">1986.384</SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN '
## 'style="FONT-SIZE: '
## '12pt; FONT-FAMILY: '
## "'Times New "
## "Roman','serif'; "
## 'mso-fareast-font-family: '
## "'Times New "
## 'Roman\'">. The '
## 'pattern width, and '
## 'therefore the tool '
## 'width, varies from '
## '1 to 2 mm. Raised '
## 'lines, longitudinal '
## 'to the patterns, '
## 'appear to have been '
## 'caused by '
## 'imperfections in '
## 'the front edge of '
## 'the tool. As it is '
## 'pushed forward '
## 'during side-to-side '
## 'rocking, small, '
## 'raised lines are '
## 'formed, '
## 'perpendicular to '
## 'the zigzag '
## 'incisions (see the '
## 'detail of '
## '</SPAN><SPAN '
## 'style="FONT-SIZE: '
## '12pt; FONT-FAMILY: '
## "'Times New "
## 'Roman\',\'serif\'"><A '
## 'href="http://www.harvardartmuseums.org/collections/object/303939"><SPAN '
## 'style="mso-fareast-font-family: '
## "'Times New "
## 'Roman\'">1986.582</SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN '
## 'style="FONT-SIZE: '
## '12pt; FONT-FAMILY: '
## "'Times New "
## "Roman','serif'; "
## 'mso-fareast-font-family: '
## "'Times New "
## 'Roman\'">).<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>\r\n'
## '<P class=MsoNormal '
## 'style="MARGIN: 0in '
## '0in 3pt; '
## 'LINE-HEIGHT: '
## 'normal"><SPAN '
## 'style="FONT-SIZE: '
## '12pt; FONT-FAMILY: '
## "'Times New "
## "Roman','serif'; "
## 'mso-fareast-font-family: '
## "'Times New "
## 'Roman\'"><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></P>\r\n'
## '<P class=MsoNormal '
## 'style="MARGIN: 0in '
## '0in 10pt"><SPAN '
## 'style="FONT-SIZE: '
## '12pt; FONT-FAMILY: '
## "'Times New "
## "Roman','serif'; "
## 'LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; '
## 'mso-fareast-font-family: '
## "'Times New Roman'; "
## 'mso-bidi-language: '
## 'HE; '
## 'mso-ansi-language: '
## 'EN-US; '
## 'mso-fareast-language: '
## 'EN-US">The '
## 'fingerprint-like '
## 'pattern of the '
## 'fine, longitudinal '
## 'lines in some '
## 'tremoli and in some '
## 'of the other '
## 'incised line '
## 'decorations is '
## 'distinct enough to '
## 'match objects to a '
## 'single workshop. '
## 'Unfortunately, no '
## 'matches were found '
## 'for the objects in '
## 'this group. '
## 'However, the '
## 'consistency in the '
## 'way various tools '
## 'were used to make '
## 'decorations on many '
## 'of the catchplates '
## 'indicates that they '
## 'could have '
## 'originated in the '
## 'same workshop or in '
## 'workshops that were '
## 'very familiar with '
## 'each other’s '
## 'working '
## 'methods.</SPAN></SPAN></FONT></SPAN></P>\r\n'
## '<P class=MsoNormal '
## 'style="MARGIN: 0in '
## '0in 3pt"><SPAN '
## 'style="mso-ascii-font-family: '
## "'Times New Roman'; "
## 'mso-ascii-theme-font: '
## 'major-bidi; '
## 'mso-hansi-font-family: '
## "'Times New Roman'; "
## 'mso-hansi-theme-font: '
## 'major-bidi; '
## 'mso-bidi-font-family: '
## "'Times New Roman'; "
## 'mso-bidi-theme-font: '
## 'major-bidi"><o:p><FONT '
## 'size=3 face="Times '
## 'New '
## 'Roman"> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>\r\n'
## '<P class=MsoNormal '
## 'style="MARGIN: 0in '
## '0in 3pt"><SPAN '
## 'style="mso-ascii-font-family: '
## "'Times New Roman'; "
## 'mso-ascii-theme-font: '
## 'major-bidi; '
## 'mso-hansi-font-family: '
## "'Times New Roman'; "
## 'mso-hansi-theme-font: '
## 'major-bidi; '
## 'mso-bidi-font-family: '
## "'Times New Roman'; "
## 'mso-bidi-theme-font: '
## 'major-bidi"><o:p><FONT '
## 'size=3 face="Times '
## 'New '
## 'Roman"> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></P><SPAN '
## 'style="FONT-SIZE: '
## '12pt; FONT-FAMILY: '
## "'Times New "
## "Roman','serif'; "
## 'mso-ascii-theme-font: '
## 'major-bidi; '
## 'mso-hansi-theme-font: '
## 'major-bidi; '
## 'mso-bidi-theme-font: '
## 'major-bidi; '
## 'mso-fareast-font-family: '
## 'Calibri; '
## 'mso-bidi-language: '
## 'AR-SA; '
## 'mso-ansi-language: '
## 'EN-US; '
## 'mso-fareast-language: '
## 'EN-US; '
## 'mso-fareast-theme-font: '
## 'minor-latin">Henry '
## 'Lie (submitted '
## '2001)</SPAN>',
## 'text': 'All of the Geometric fibulae '
## 'and fibula fragments have a '
## 'green patina. 1985.35, '
## '1985.36, and 1985.158 also '
## 'show large areas of black, '
## 'brown, and some red '
## 'corrosion products. 1986.655 '
## 'has been cleaned more than '
## 'the others have. It is '
## 'mostly black and brown, with '
## 'small areas of green, '
## 'exposed red, and bright '
## 'metal. The fragmentary '
## 'catchplates (1986.579, '
## '1986.580, 1986.581, '
## '1986.582, 1986.583, '
## '1986.584, 1986.585, '
## '1986.587, 1986.588, and '
## '1986.589) are significantly '
## 'mineralized and very '
## 'fragile. The more complete '
## 'fibulae are generally less '
## 'mineralized and even retain '
## 'flexibility in their pin '
## 'elements.\r\n'
## ' \r\n'
## 'Examining the Geometric '
## 'fibulae and fragments as a '
## 'group, it appears that the '
## 'method of manufacture was to '
## 'cast the more '
## 'three-dimensional bow '
## 'section with appendages that '
## 'could subsequently be '
## 'hammered into the flat '
## 'catchplates and elongated '
## 'pin sections. With designs '
## 'such as 1978.62 and '
## '1985.158, cast sections lie '
## 'at two opposite sides of the '
## 'flat catchplate, indicating '
## 'that the hammering of the '
## 'plate occurred in the middle '
## 'of the casting. Some incised '
## 'decoration may have been '
## 'added to the cast sections '
## '(see the detail of arm of '
## '1978.62), but most '
## 'decoration is limited to the '
## 'flat catchplates.\r\n'
## ' \r\n'
## 'Joins between the cast '
## 'element and the pins of '
## '1985.158 and 1952.110 are '
## 'visible in x-radiographs and '
## 'under magnification. None of '
## 'the other more complete '
## 'examples, which were '
## 'x-radiographed and examined '
## 'with a stereomicroscope, '
## 'were found to have joins at '
## 'these or any other '
## 'locations. The joins in '
## 'these two examples may be '
## 'repairs made after the pins '
## 'were broken during '
## 'fabrication. Presumably, the '
## 'work hardening of the plates '
## 'and the pins during forming '
## 'would have been desirable, '
## 'since it would help them to '
## 'hold their shape better and '
## 'would provide elasticity to '
## 'the pin section. The method '
## 'of production might have '
## 'made the spring coil prone '
## 'to breakage, hence the need '
## 'for a repair join.\r\n'
## ' \r\n'
## 'The main portion of the '
## 'catchplate section is in '
## 'most cases relatively even, '
## 'usually varying by no more '
## 'than 0.2 mm. The average '
## 'thickness ranges from 0.5 to '
## '0.7 mm in the group. The '
## 'back of 1986.579 is not '
## 'decorated and shows hammer '
## 'marks related to its '
## 'fabrication. It and '
## '1977.216.3416 were the only '
## 'examples not decorated on '
## 'both sides.\r\n'
## ' \r\n'
## 'The large, intact fibula '
## '1986.655 has a flat incised '
## 'back in addition to the flat '
## 'catchplate, and there are no '
## 'three-dimensional elements, '
## 'except for simple forms at '
## 'the juncture between these '
## 'sections. The flat plates in '
## 'this case are thicker (1.2 '
## 'to 1.4 mm), and it is '
## 'possible that their general '
## 'shape is largely the result '
## 'of casting rather than '
## 'hammering. \r\n'
## ' \r\n'
## 'Incised lines are mostly '
## 'confined to the catchplates, '
## 'but are also present on some '
## 'of the arms and cast '
## 'sections. They were made '
## 'with a variety of pointed '
## 'and flat tool shapes. All '
## 'but two of the catchplates, '
## '1986.579 and 1977.216.3416, '
## 'are decorated on both the '
## 'front and back sides. '
## 'Incised shapes include dots, '
## 'lines, circles, semicircles, '
## 'arcs, and tremolo '
## 'decoration. The more '
## 'prominent incised lines '
## 'measure about 0.3 mm in '
## 'width. Many of these are '
## 'curves, but even the '
## 'straight lines show '
## 'irregularities indicating '
## 'they were drawn freehand, '
## 'without the use of a '
## 'straight edge. Under '
## 'magnification (see the '
## 'detail of 1978.62), one can '
## 'see a trough that was made '
## 'by drawing flat and rounded '
## 'tool points across the '
## 'surface, with borders of '
## 'raised metal pushed up at '
## 'both sides. The height of '
## 'the raised borders probably '
## 'varies with the hardness of '
## 'the metal and the pressure '
## 'applied with the tool. None '
## 'of the lines appears to have '
## 'been engraved or made using '
## 'any other process that '
## 'involved cutting and '
## 'removing a line of metal '
## 'from the surface.\r\n'
## ' \r\n'
## 'Circular shapes were made '
## 'with a double-pointed tool, '
## 'with one point used to mark '
## 'and hold the circle’s center '
## 'and the other to inscribe '
## 'the circular shape. Border '
## 'designs are frequently a '
## 'combination of large and '
## 'small concentric '
## 'semicircles. Each semicircle '
## 'of the pair appears to have '
## 'been made as a separate '
## 'step. The inner circle of '
## 'the borders on 1986.583 is '
## 'faceted from drawing the '
## 'line in steps, while the '
## 'outer circle is smoothly '
## 'drawn. Many of the circular '
## 'lines vary in width through '
## 'their arcs, and this effect '
## 'in shorter arcs can be used '
## 'to form a row of comma '
## 'shapes (see the detail of '
## '1978.62). In spite of the '
## 'facets visible in some '
## 'circles, their small radii, '
## 'which range from 1.2 to 2.0 '
## 'mm in length, make it '
## 'unlikely that the tool was '
## 'forced across the surface '
## 'with the aid of a '
## 'hammer. \r\n'
## ' \r\n'
## 'Tremolo decoration (a fine '
## 'zigzag pattern made by '
## 'rocking a curved chisel '
## 'point back and forth over '
## 'the surface) was used as a '
## 'border pattern (see the '
## 'detail of 1986.384 belt), as '
## 'a fill pattern (see the '
## 'detail of 1986.655), and as '
## 'a general drawing element. '
## 'In 1986.655, animals were '
## 'drawn with the tool used to '
## 'make the tremolo pattern, '
## 'giving them a soft, fuzzy '
## 'appearance. The tremolo '
## 'pattern appears to have been '
## 'created by the rocking from '
## 'side to side of a '
## 'flat-tipped tool while it is '
## 'simultaneously pushed '
## 'forward across the surface. '
## 'It may be that if the tip '
## 'was slightly concave at the '
## 'center, the marks appeared '
## 'as two distinct rows with a '
## 'gap in the middle, as in the '
## 'border of 1986.384. The '
## 'pattern width, and therefore '
## 'the tool width, varies from '
## '1 to 2 mm. Raised lines, '
## 'longitudinal to the '
## 'patterns, appear to have '
## 'been caused by imperfections '
## 'in the front edge of the '
## 'tool. As it is pushed '
## 'forward during side-to-side '
## 'rocking, small, raised lines '
## 'are formed, perpendicular to '
## 'the zigzag incisions (see '
## 'the detail of 1986.582).\r\n'
## ' \r\n'
## 'The fingerprint-like pattern '
## 'of the fine, longitudinal '
## 'lines in some tremoli and in '
## 'some of the other incised '
## 'line decorations is distinct '
## 'enough to match objects to a '
## 'single workshop. '
## 'Unfortunately, no matches '
## 'were found for the objects '
## 'in this group. However, the '
## 'consistency in the way '
## 'various tools were used to '
## 'make decorations on many of '
## 'the catchplates indicates '
## 'that they could have '
## 'originated in the same '
## 'workshop or in workshops '
## 'that were very familiar with '
## 'each other’s working '
## 'methods.\r\n'
## ' \r\n'
## ' \r\n'
## 'Henry Lie (submitted 2001)',
## 'type': 'Technical Observations'}]},
## 'dimensions': '10 x 17 x 0.1 cm (3 15/16 x 6 11/16 x 1/16 in.)',
## 'division': 'Asian and Mediterranean Art',
## 'edition': None,
## 'exhibitioncount': 1,
## 'groupcount': 2,
## 'id': 303951,
## 'imagecount': 8,
## 'imagepermissionlevel': 0,
## 'images': [{'baseimageurl': 'https://idscache.harvardartmuseums.org/ids/view/47335100',
## 'copyright': 'President and Fellows of Harvard '
## 'College',
## 'displayorder': 1,
## 'format': 'image/jpeg',
## 'height': 683,
## 'idsid': 47335100,
## 'iiifbaseuri': 'https://ids.lib.harvard.edu/ids/iiif/47335100',
## 'imageid': 427493,
## 'publiccaption': None,
## 'renditionnumber': 'DDC250951',
## 'width': 1024},
## {'baseimageurl': 'https://idscache.harvardartmuseums.org/ids/view/13268252',
## 'copyright': 'President and Fellows of Harvard '
## 'College',
## 'displayorder': 2,
## 'format': 'image/jpeg',
## 'height': 714,
## 'idsid': 13268252,
## 'iiifbaseuri': 'https://ids.lib.harvard.edu/ids/iiif/13268252',
## 'imageid': 346683,
## 'publiccaption': None,
## 'renditionnumber': 'DDC107935',
## 'width': 1024},
## {'baseimageurl': 'https://idscache.harvardartmuseums.org/ids/view/47335098',
## 'copyright': 'President and Fellows of Harvard '
## 'College',
## 'displayorder': 3,
## 'format': 'image/jpeg',
## 'height': 648,
## 'idsid': 47335098,
## 'iiifbaseuri': 'https://ids.lib.harvard.edu/ids/iiif/47335098',
## 'imageid': 427492,
## 'publiccaption': None,
## 'renditionnumber': 'DDC250938',
## 'width': 1024},
## {'baseimageurl': 'https://idscache.harvardartmuseums.org/ids/view/400097788',
## 'copyright': 'President and Fellows of Harvard '
## 'College',
## 'displayorder': 4,
## 'format': 'image/jpeg',
## 'height': 1623,
## 'idsid': 400097788,
## 'iiifbaseuri': 'https://ids.lib.harvard.edu/ids/iiif/400097788',
## 'imageid': 440844,
## 'publiccaption': None,
## 'renditionnumber': 'LEG252812',
## 'width': 2450},
## {'baseimageurl': 'https://idscache.harvardartmuseums.org/ids/view/400095521',
## 'copyright': 'President and Fellows of Harvard '
## 'College',
## 'displayorder': 5,
## 'format': None,
## 'height': 0,
## 'idsid': 400095521,
## 'iiifbaseuri': 'https://ids.lib.harvard.edu/ids/iiif/400095521',
## 'imageid': 440612,
## 'publiccaption': 'Detail of a horse',
## 'renditionnumber': 'STR017551',
## 'width': 0},
## {'baseimageurl': 'https://idscache.harvardartmuseums.org/ids/view/400095525',
## 'copyright': 'President and Fellows of Harvard '
## 'College',
## 'displayorder': 6,
## 'format': None,
## 'height': 0,
## 'idsid': 400095525,
## 'iiifbaseuri': 'https://ids.lib.harvard.edu/ids/iiif/400095525',
## 'imageid': 440613,
## 'publiccaption': 'Detail of a concentric circle '
## 'decoration with tremolo lines as '
## 'fill in some sections',
## 'renditionnumber': 'STR017552',
## 'width': 0},
## {'baseimageurl': 'https://idscache.harvardartmuseums.org/ids/view/400099332',
## 'copyright': 'President and Fellows of Harvard '
## 'College',
## 'displayorder': 7,
## 'format': 'image/jpeg',
## 'height': 1761,
## 'idsid': 400099332,
## 'iiifbaseuri': 'https://ids.lib.harvard.edu/ids/iiif/400099332',
## 'imageid': 441572,
## 'publiccaption': None,
## 'renditionnumber': 'STR017853',
## 'width': 2450},
## {'baseimageurl': 'https://idscache.harvardartmuseums.org/ids/view/400099336',
## 'copyright': 'President and Fellows of Harvard '
## 'College',
## 'displayorder': 8,
## 'format': 'image/jpeg',
## 'height': 1270,
## 'idsid': 400099336,
## 'iiifbaseuri': 'https://ids.lib.harvard.edu/ids/iiif/400099336',
## 'imageid': 441573,
## 'publiccaption': None,
## 'renditionnumber': 'STR017854',
## 'width': 2450}],
## 'labeltext': None,
## 'lastupdate': '2018-11-02T04:20:42-0400',
## 'markscount': 0,
## 'mediacount': 0,
## 'medium': 'Bronze',
## 'objectid': 303951,
## 'objectnumber': '1986.655',
## 'peoplecount': 0,
## 'period': 'Geometric period, Late',
## 'periodid': 1554,
## 'primaryimageurl': 'https://idscache.harvardartmuseums.org/ids/view/47335100',
## 'provenance': None,
## 'publicationcount': 7,
## 'rank': 7,
## 'relatedcount': 0,
## 'seeAlso': [{'format': 'application/json',
## 'id': 'https://iiif.harvardartmuseums.org/manifests/object/303951',
## 'profile': 'http://iiif.io/api/presentation/2/context.json',
## 'type': 'IIIF Manifest'}],
## 'signed': None,
## 'standardreferencenumber': None,
## 'state': None,
## 'style': None,
## 'technique': 'Cast, lost-wax process',
## 'techniqueid': 1311,
## 'title': 'Incised Bow Fibula',
## 'titlescount': 1,
## 'totalpageviews': 499,
## 'totaluniquepageviews': 410,
## 'url': 'https://www.harvardartmuseums.org/collections/object/303951',
## 'verificationlevel': 4,
## 'verificationleveldescription': 'Best. Object is extensively '
## 'researched, well described and '
## 'information is vetted',
## 'worktypes': [{'worktype': 'pin', 'worktypeid': '264'},
## {'worktype': 'fibula', 'worktypeid': '137'}]},
## {'accessionmethod': 'Purchase',
## 'accessionyear': 1997,
## 'accesslevel': 1,
## 'century': '19th century',
## 'classification': 'Photographs',
## 'classificationid': 17,
## 'colorcount': 0,
## 'commentary': None,
## 'contact': 'am_europeanamerican@harvard.edu',
## 'contextualtextcount': 0,
## 'copyright': None,
## 'creditline': 'Harvard Art Museums/Fogg Museum, Richard and '
## 'Ronay Menschel Fund for the Acquisition of '
## 'Photographs',
## 'culture': 'British',
## 'datebegin': 1885,
## 'dated': '1885',
## 'dateend': 1885,
## 'dateoffirstpageview': '2009-07-09',
## 'dateoflastpageview': '2018-10-09',
## 'department': 'Department of Photographs',
## 'description': None,
## 'dimensions': '12.3 x 18.1 cm (4 13/16 x 7 1/8 in.)\r\n'
## 'sheet: 28 x 37.6 cm (11 x 14 13/16 in.)',
## 'division': 'European and American Art',
## 'edition': None,
## 'exhibitioncount': 0,
## 'groupcount': 1,
## 'id': 280078,
## 'imagecount': 1,
## 'imagepermissionlevel': 0,
## 'images': [{'baseimageurl': 'https://idscache.harvardartmuseums.org/ids/view/18789049',
## 'copyright': 'President and Fellows of Harvard '
## 'College',
## 'displayorder': 1,
## 'format': 'image/jpeg',
## 'height': 1750,
## 'idsid': 18789049,
## 'iiifbaseuri': 'https://ids.lib.harvard.edu/ids/iiif/18789049',
## 'imageid': 83832,
## 'publiccaption': None,
## 'renditionnumber': 'INV023694',
## 'width': 2550}],
## 'labeltext': None,
## 'lastupdate': '2018-11-02T04:17:05-0400',
## 'markscount': 1,
## 'mediacount': 0,
## 'medium': None,
## 'objectid': 280078,
## 'objectnumber': 'P1997.48',
## 'people': [{'alphasort': 'Robinson, Henry Peach',
## 'birthplace': None,
## 'culture': 'British',
## 'deathplace': None,
## 'displaydate': '1830 - 1901',
## 'displayname': 'Henry Peach Robinson',
## 'displayorder': 1,
## 'gender': 'male',
## 'name': 'Henry Peach Robinson',
## 'personid': 18961,
## 'prefix': None,
## 'role': 'Artist'}],
## 'peoplecount': 1,
## 'period': None,
## 'periodid': None,
## 'primaryimageurl': 'https://idscache.harvardartmuseums.org/ids/view/18789049',
## 'provenance': 'Lee Gallery, Winchester, Massachusetts, sold to '
## 'the Harvard University Art Museums, 1997.\r\n',
## 'publicationcount': 0,
## 'rank': 8,
## 'relatedcount': 0,
## 'seeAlso': [{'format': 'application/json',
## 'id': 'https://iiif.harvardartmuseums.org/manifests/object/280078',
## 'profile': 'http://iiif.io/api/presentation/2/context.json',
## 'type': 'IIIF Manifest'}],
## 'signed': None,
## 'standardreferencenumber': None,
## 'state': None,
## 'style': None,
## 'technique': 'Photogravure',
## 'techniqueid': 538,
## 'title': 'A Moving Tale',
## 'titlescount': 1,
## 'totalpageviews': 576,
## 'totaluniquepageviews': 494,
## 'url': 'https://www.harvardartmuseums.org/collections/object/280078',
## 'verificationlevel': 3,
## 'verificationleveldescription': 'Good. Object is well described '
## 'and information is vetted',
## 'worktypes': [{'worktype': 'photograph', 'worktypeid': '259'}]},
## {'accessionmethod': 'Gift',
## 'accessionyear': 1933,
## 'accesslevel': 1,
## 'century': '19th century',
## 'classification': 'Prints',
## 'classificationid': 23,
## 'colorcount': 10,
## 'colors': [{'color': '#e1c8c8',
## 'css3': '#d8bfd8',
## 'hue': 'Orange',
## 'percent': 0.54583333333333,
## 'spectrum': '#c15689'},
## {'color': '#c8afaf',
## 'css3': '#c0c0c0',
## 'hue': 'Red',
## 'percent': 0.21549019607843,
## 'spectrum': '#b55592'},
## {'color': '#af9696',
## 'css3': '#bc8f8f',
## 'hue': 'Brown',
## 'percent': 0.11151960784314,
## 'spectrum': '#ae5596'},
## {'color': '#7d7d7d',
## 'css3': '#808080',
## 'hue': 'Grey',
## 'percent': 0.040588235294118,
## 'spectrum': '#8362aa'},
## {'color': '#647d96',
## 'css3': '#708090',
## 'hue': 'Blue',
## 'percent': 0.025980392156863,
## 'spectrum': '#656cb2'},
## {'color': '#646464',
## 'css3': '#696969',
## 'hue': 'Grey',
## 'percent': 0.021274509803922,
## 'spectrum': '#7866ad'},
## {'color': '#4b647d',
## 'css3': '#696969',
## 'hue': 'Blue',
## 'percent': 0.015882352941176,
## 'spectrum': '#536fb5'},
## {'color': '#4b4b4b',
## 'css3': '#2f4f4f',
## 'hue': 'Grey',
## 'percent': 0.012990196078431,
## 'spectrum': '#3db657'},
## {'color': '#323232',
## 'css3': '#2f4f4f',
## 'hue': 'Grey',
## 'percent': 0.006078431372549,
## 'spectrum': '#2eb45d'},
## {'color': '#191919',
## 'css3': '#000000',
## 'hue': 'Grey',
## 'percent': 0.0042647058823529,
## 'spectrum': '#1eb264'}],
## 'commentary': None,
## 'contact': 'am_asianmediterranean@harvard.edu',
## 'contextualtextcount': 0,
## 'copyright': None,
## 'creditline': 'Harvard Art Museums/Arthur M. Sackler Museum, '
## 'Gift of the Friends of Arthur B. Duel',
## 'culture': 'Japanese',
## 'datebegin': 1821,
## 'dated': 'Edo period, datable to 1821',
## 'dateend': 1821,
## 'dateoffirstpageview': '2009-07-16',
## 'dateoflastpageview': '2018-10-09',
## 'department': 'Department of Asian Art',
## 'description': None,
## 'dimensions': 'Paper: H. 19.2 cm x W. 17.6 cm (7 9/16 x 6 15/16 '
## 'in.)',
## 'division': 'Asian and Mediterranean Art',
## 'edition': None,
## 'exhibitioncount': 0,
## 'groupcount': 1,
## 'id': 303388,
## 'imagecount': 1,
## 'imagepermissionlevel': 0,
## 'images': [{'baseimageurl': 'https://idscache.harvardartmuseums.org/ids/view/43162378',
## 'copyright': 'President and Fellows of Harvard '
## 'College',
## 'displayorder': 1,
## 'format': 'image/jpeg',
## 'height': 1024,
## 'idsid': 43162378,
## 'iiifbaseuri': 'https://ids.lib.harvard.edu/ids/iiif/43162378',
## 'imageid': 123395,
## 'publiccaption': None,
## 'renditionnumber': 'LEG859',
## 'width': 933}],
## 'labeltext': None,
## 'lastupdate': '2018-11-02T04:20:36-0400',
## 'markscount': 1,
## 'mediacount': 0,
## 'medium': 'Ukiyo-e woodblock-printed "surimono" in "shikishi" '
## 'format; ink, color, gold, metallic pigment, and '
## 'embossing on paper, with printed signature reading '
## '"Getchi Rôjin I-itsu hitsu"',
## 'objectid': 303388,
## 'objectnumber': '1933.4.1764',
## 'people': [{'alphasort': 'Katsushika, Hokusai',
## 'birthplace': None,
## 'culture': 'Japanese',
## 'deathplace': None,
## 'displaydate': '1760 - 1849',
## 'displayname': 'Katsushika Hokusai',
## 'displayorder': 1,
## 'gender': 'male',
## 'name': 'Katsushika Hokusai',
## 'personid': 26321,
## 'prefix': None,
## 'role': 'Artist'}],
## 'peoplecount': 1,
## 'period': 'Edo period, 1615-1868',
## 'periodid': 248,
## 'primaryimageurl': 'https://idscache.harvardartmuseums.org/ids/view/43162378',
## 'provenance': None,
## 'publicationcount': 3,
## 'rank': 9,
## 'relatedcount': 0,
## 'seeAlso': [{'format': 'application/json',
## 'id': 'https://iiif.harvardartmuseums.org/manifests/object/303388',
## 'profile': 'http://iiif.io/api/presentation/2/context.json',
## 'type': 'IIIF Manifest'}],
## 'signed': '(printed) Getchi Rôjin I-itsu hitsu',
## 'standardreferencenumber': None,
## 'state': None,
## 'style': None,
## 'technique': None,
## 'techniqueid': None,
## 'title': 'Cranes on the Seashore/The Reed Shell (Ashigai), from '
## 'the series "Shell-Matching Game with Genroku Poets" '
## '(Genroku kasen kai-awase)',
## 'titlescount': 2,
## 'totalpageviews': 599,
## 'totaluniquepageviews': 524,
## 'url': 'https://www.harvardartmuseums.org/collections/object/303388',
## 'verificationlevel': 3,
## 'verificationleveldescription': 'Good. Object is well described '
## 'and information is vetted',
## 'worktypes': [{'worktype': 'print', 'worktypeid': '278'},
## {'worktype': 'surimono', 'worktypeid': '358'}]},
## {'accessionmethod': 'Bequest',
## 'accessionyear': 1943,
## 'accesslevel': 1,
## 'century': '7th-8th century',
## 'classification': 'Sculpture',
## 'classificationid': 30,
## 'colorcount': 10,
## 'colors': [{'color': '#e1e1e1',
## 'css3': '#dcdcdc',
## 'hue': 'Grey',
## 'percent': 0.34565476190476,
## 'spectrum': '#955ba5'},
## {'color': '#c8c8c8',
## 'css3': '#c0c0c0',
## 'hue': 'Grey',
## 'percent': 0.29720238095238,
## 'spectrum': '#8c5fa8'},
## {'color': '#afafaf',
## 'css3': '#a9a9a9',
## 'hue': 'Grey',
## 'percent': 0.1135119047619,
## 'spectrum': '#8c5fa8'},
## {'color': '#c89664',
## 'css3': '#bdb76b',
## 'hue': 'Brown',
## 'percent': 0.062380952380952,
## 'spectrum': '#ed7758'},
## {'color': '#969696',
## 'css3': '#a9a9a9',
## 'hue': 'Grey',
## 'percent': 0.040178571428571,
## 'spectrum': '#8761aa'},
## {'color': '#321919',
## 'css3': '#000000',
## 'hue': 'Brown',
## 'percent': 0.029642857142857,
## 'spectrum': '#3db657'},
## {'color': '#966432',
## 'css3': '#a0522d',
## 'hue': 'Orange',
## 'percent': 0.026309523809524,
## 'spectrum': '#e46867'},
## {'color': '#af7d4b',
## 'css3': '#cd853f',
## 'hue': 'Yellow',
## 'percent': 0.026011904761905,
## 'spectrum': '#e9715f'},
## {'color': '#323232',
## 'css3': '#2f4f4f',
## 'hue': 'Grey',
## 'percent': 0.02047619047619,
## 'spectrum': '#2eb45d'},
## {'color': '#7d4b32',
## 'css3': '#8b4513',
## 'hue': 'Brown',
## 'percent': 0.01577380952381,
## 'spectrum': '#c25687'}],
## 'commentary': None,
## 'contact': 'am_asianmediterranean@harvard.edu',
## 'contextualtextcount': 0,
## 'copyright': None,
## 'creditline': 'Harvard Art Museums/Arthur M. Sackler Museum, '
## 'Bequest of Grenville L. Winthrop',
## 'culture': 'Korean',
## 'datebegin': 667,
## 'dated': 'late 7th - early 8th century',
## 'dateend': 732,
## 'dateoffirstpageview': '2009-06-07',
## 'dateoflastpageview': '2018-10-09',
## 'department': 'Department of Asian Art',
## 'description': None,
## 'dimensions': 'H. 20.0 x W. 8.2 x D. 4.9 cm (7 7/8 x 3 1/4 x 1 '
## '15/16 in.)',
## 'division': 'Asian and Mediterranean Art',
## 'edition': None,
## 'exhibitioncount': 3,
## 'groupcount': 2,
## 'id': 204137,
## 'imagecount': 3,
## 'imagepermissionlevel': 0,
## 'images': [{'baseimageurl': 'https://idscache.harvardartmuseums.org/ids/view/17817706',
## 'copyright': 'President and Fellows of Harvard '
## 'College',
## 'displayorder': 1,
## 'format': 'image/jpeg',
## 'height': 2550,
## 'idsid': 17817706,
## 'iiifbaseuri': 'https://ids.lib.harvard.edu/ids/iiif/17817706',
## 'imageid': 34985,
## 'publiccaption': None,
## 'renditionnumber': '74340',
## 'width': 1913},
## {'baseimageurl': 'https://idscache.harvardartmuseums.org/ids/view/20682210',
## 'copyright': 'President and Fellows of Harvard '
## 'College',
## 'displayorder': 2,
## 'format': 'image/jpeg',
## 'height': 1024,
## 'idsid': 20682210,
## 'iiifbaseuri': 'https://ids.lib.harvard.edu/ids/iiif/20682210',
## 'imageid': 130653,
## 'publiccaption': None,
## 'renditionnumber': '48565',
## 'width': 823},
## {'baseimageurl': 'https://idscache.harvardartmuseums.org/ids/view/17817707',
## 'copyright': 'President and Fellows of Harvard '
## 'College',
## 'displayorder': 3,
## 'format': 'image/jpeg',
## 'height': 1024,
## 'idsid': 17817707,
## 'iiifbaseuri': 'https://ids.lib.harvard.edu/ids/iiif/17817707',
## 'imageid': 85407,
## 'publiccaption': None,
## 'renditionnumber': '74341',
## 'width': 620}],
## 'labeltext': 'Buddhist proselytizers from northern China and '
## 'Central Asia first entered the Korean peninsula in '
## 'the final decades of the fourth century. In the '
## 'centuries that followed, Korean Buddhists '
## 'developed their own traditions of ritual practice '
## 'and systems of philosophical thought, but they '
## 'were also in constant dialogue with their monastic '
## 'counterparts in China, exchanging both texts and '
## 'images. Icons were frequently presented as gifts '
## 'among the rulers, merchants, and monks of China, '
## 'Korea, and Japan, which led to a high degree of '
## 'stylistic cross-pollination across the three '
## 'cultures. Private, portable icons like these gilt '
## 'bronze images—which, though crafted in Korea, '
## 'share many visual traits with similar objects from '
## 'China and Japan—provided an ideal medium for '
## 'intercultural artistic and religious exchange. '
## 'Such images are likely to have been worshipped on '
## 'small altars in domestic settings. The portable '
## 'shrine displayed here, from the Chosŏn dynasty '
## '(1392–1910), helps us to imagine the original '
## 'display contexts for the images that surround it. '
## 'A mobile, self-contained setting for icon worship, '
## 'it differs little in form, material, or concept '
## 'from the portable shrines that devotees first '
## 'brought from India to Central Asia and China '
## 'centuries before.',
## 'lastupdate': '2018-11-02T04:03:35-0400',
## 'markscount': 0,
## 'mediacount': 0,
## 'medium': 'Gilt bronze',
## 'objectid': 204137,
## 'objectnumber': '1943.53.73',
## 'peoplecount': 0,
## 'period': 'Unified Silla dynasty, 668-935',
## 'periodid': 1702,
## 'primaryimageurl': 'https://idscache.harvardartmuseums.org/ids/view/17817706',
## 'provenance': '[Yamanaka & Co., New York, 3/1/1935] sold; to '
## 'Grenville L. Winthrop, New York (1935-1943), '
## 'bequest; to Fogg Art Museum, 1943.',
## 'publicationcount': 2,
## 'rank': 10,
## 'relatedcount': 0,
## 'seeAlso': [{'format': 'application/json',
## 'id': 'https://iiif.harvardartmuseums.org/manifests/object/204137',
## 'profile': 'http://iiif.io/api/presentation/2/context.json',
## 'type': 'IIIF Manifest'}],
## 'signed': None,
## 'standardreferencenumber': None,
## 'state': None,
## 'style': None,
## 'technique': None,
## 'techniqueid': None,
## 'title': 'Standing Buddha with Right Hand Lowered and with Left '
## 'Hand Raised',
## 'titlescount': 1,
## 'totalpageviews': 664,
## 'totaluniquepageviews': 578,
## 'url': 'https://www.harvardartmuseums.org/collections/object/204137',
## 'verificationlevel': 3,
## 'verificationleveldescription': 'Good. Object is well described '
## 'and information is vetted',
## 'worktypes': [{'worktype': 'figurine', 'worktypeid': '139'},
## {'worktype': 'sculpture', 'worktypeid': '317'}]}]}That’s it. Really, we are done here. Everyone go home!
OK not really, there is still more we can lean. But you have to admit that was pretty easy. If you can identify a service that returns the data you want in structured from, web scraping becomes a pretty trivial enterprise. We’ll discuss several other scenarios and topics, but for some web scraping tasks this is really all you need to know.
Organizing and saving the data
The records we retrieved from https://www.harvardartmuseums.org/browse are arranged as a list of dictionaries. With only a little trouble we can select the fields of interest and arrange these data into a pandas DataFrame. First lets see what fields are available.
## dict_keys(['info', 'records'])## dict_keys(['accessionyear', 'technique', 'mediacount', 'edition', 'totalpageviews', 'groupcount', 'objectnumber', 'colorcount', 'lastupdate', 'rank', 'imagecount', 'description', 'dateoflastpageview', 'dateoffirstpageview', 'primaryimageurl', 'colors', 'dated', 'contextualtextcount', 'copyright', 'period', 'accessionmethod', 'url', 'provenance', 'images', 'publicationcount', 'objectid', 'culture', 'verificationleveldescription', 'standardreferencenumber', 'worktypes', 'department', 'state', 'markscount', 'contact', 'titlescount', 'id', 'title', 'verificationlevel', 'division', 'style', 'commentary', 'relatedcount', 'datebegin', 'labeltext', 'totaluniquepageviews', 'dimensions', 'exhibitioncount', 'techniqueid', 'dateend', 'creditline', 'imagepermissionlevel', 'signed', 'periodid', 'century', 'classificationid', 'medium', 'peoplecount', 'accesslevel', 'classification', 'seeAlso'])Next we can specify the fields we are interested in and use a dict comprehension to organize the values;
Finally we can convert the dict to a DataFrame
## accessionyear technique ... classification seeAlso
## 0 1972.0 None ... Paintings [{'id': 'https://iiif.harv...
## 1 1972.0 None ... Paintings [{'id': 'https://iiif.harv...
## 2 1998.0 Cast, lost-wax process ... Vessels [{'id': 'https://iiif.harv...
## 3 NaN Etching and drypoint ... Prints [{'id': 'https://iiif.harv...
## 4 2009.0 None ... Drawings [{'id': 'https://iiif.harv...
## 5 2006.0 None ... Paintings [{'id': 'https://iiif.harv...
## 6 1986.0 Cast, lost-wax process ... Jewelry [{'id': 'https://iiif.harv...
## 7 1997.0 Photogravure ... Photographs [{'id': 'https://iiif.harv...
## 8 1933.0 None ... Prints [{'id': 'https://iiif.harv...
## 9 1943.0 None ... Sculpture [{'id': 'https://iiif.harv...
##
## [10 rows x 60 columns]and write the data to a file.
Iterating to retrieve all the data
Of course we don’t want just the first page of collections. How can we retrieve all of them?
Now that we know the web service works, and how to make requests in Python, we can iterate in the usual way.
records = [requests.get(collection_url
+ '&'
+ 'offset='
+ str(offset)).json()['records']
for offset in range(0, 50, 10)]For convenience we can flatten the records in each list into one long records list
As before, we can write the data to a .csv file without too much difficulty:
records_final = {k: [record.get(k, 'NA')
for record in records_final]
for k in record_keys}
## convert the dict to a `DataFrame`
records_final = pd.DataFrame.from_dict(records_final)
# write the data to a file.
records_final.to_csv("records_final.csv")
print(records_final)## accessionyear technique ... classification seeAlso
## 0 1972.0 None ... Paintings [{'id': 'https://iiif.harv...
## 1 1972.0 None ... Paintings [{'id': 'https://iiif.harv...
## 2 1998.0 Cast, lost-wax process ... Vessels [{'id': 'https://iiif.harv...
## 3 NaN Etching and drypoint ... Prints [{'id': 'https://iiif.harv...
## 4 2009.0 None ... Drawings [{'id': 'https://iiif.harv...
## 5 2006.0 None ... Paintings [{'id': 'https://iiif.harv...
## 6 1986.0 Cast, lost-wax process ... Jewelry [{'id': 'https://iiif.harv...
## 7 1997.0 Photogravure ... Photographs [{'id': 'https://iiif.harv...
## 8 1933.0 None ... Prints [{'id': 'https://iiif.harv...
## 9 1943.0 None ... Sculpture [{'id': 'https://iiif.harv...
## 10 2007.0 Gelatin silver print ... Photographs [{'id': 'https://iiif.harv...
## 11 1982.0 None ... Sculpture [{'id': 'https://iiif.harv...
## 12 1984.0 None ... Drawings [{'id': 'https://iiif.harv...
## 13 1895.0 Free-blown glass ... Vessels [{'id': 'https://iiif.harv...
## 14 1993.0 Linocut ... Prints [{'id': 'https://iiif.harv...
## 15 1960.0 Underglazed, painted ... Architectural Elements [{'id': 'https://iiif.harv...
## 16 1999.0 None ... Paintings with Calligraphy [{'id': 'https://iiif.harv...
## 17 1984.0 Gelatin silver print ... Photographs [{'id': 'https://iiif.harv...
## 18 2004.0 Photogravure ... Photographs [{'id': 'https://iiif.harv...
## 19 1934.0 Relief ... Sculpture [{'id': 'https://iiif.harv...
## 20 2005.0 Underglazed, painted ... Vessels [{'id': 'https://iiif.harv...
## 21 1927.0 Red-figure ... Vessels [{'id': 'https://iiif.harv...
## 22 1998.0 None ... Drawings [{'id': 'https://iiif.harv...
## 23 1997.0 None ... Sculpture [{'id': 'https://iiif.harv...
## 24 NaN Lithograph ... Prints [{'id': 'https://iiif.harv...
## 25 2007.0 None ... Sculpture [{'id': 'https://iiif.harv...
## 26 1986.0 Lithograph ... Prints [{'id': 'https://iiif.harv...
## 27 2000.0 Etching and aquatint ... Prints [{'id': 'https://iiif.harv...
## 28 2007.0 Iris digital print ... Photographs [{'id': 'https://iiif.harv...
## 29 1969.0 None ... Sculpture [{'id': 'https://iiif.harv...
## 30 2008.0 None ... Drawings [{'id': 'https://iiif.harv...
## 31 NaN Engraving ... Prints [{'id': 'https://iiif.harv...
## 32 2007.0 Collage ... Drawings [{'id': 'https://iiif.harv...
## 33 NaN Lithograph ... Prints [{'id': 'https://iiif.harv...
## 34 2008.0 Dye transfer print ... Photographs [{'id': 'https://iiif.harv...
## 35 1960.0 None ... Manuscripts [{'id': 'https://iiif.harv...
## 36 2005.0 None ... Prints [{'id': 'https://iiif.harv...
## 37 1963.0 None ... Sculpture [{'id': 'https://iiif.harv...
## 38 2011.0 Albumen silver print ... Photographs [{'id': 'https://iiif.harv...
## 39 1978.0 None ... Drawings [{'id': 'https://iiif.harv...
## 40 2009.0 Etching ... Prints [{'id': 'https://iiif.harv...
## 41 2001.0 None ... Paintings [{'id': 'https://iiif.harv...
## 42 1933.0 None ... Prints [{'id': 'https://iiif.harv...
## 43 1999.0 None ... Manuscripts [{'id': 'https://iiif.harv...
## 44 1997.0 Gelatin silver print ... Photographs [{'id': 'https://iiif.harv...
## 45 1956.0 None ... Manuscripts [{'id': 'https://iiif.harv...
## 46 NaN None ... Vessels [{'id': 'https://iiif.harv...
## 47 1955.0 Woodcut ... Prints [{'id': 'https://iiif.harv...
## 48 2008.0 Gelatin silver print ... Photographs [{'id': 'https://iiif.harv...
## 49 2011.0 Albumen silver print ... Photographs [{'id': 'https://iiif.harv...
##
## [50 rows x 60 columns]Exercise: Retrieve exhibits data
In this exercise you will retrieve information about the art exhibitions at Harvard Art Museums from https://www.harvardartmuseums.org/visit/exhibitions
- Using a web browser (Firefox or Chrome recommended) inspect the page at
https://www.harvardartmuseums.org/visit/exhibitions. Examine the network traffic as you interact with the page. Try to find where the data displayed on that page comes from. - Make a
getrequest in Python to retrieve the data from the URL identified in step1. - Write a loop or list comprehension in Python to retrieve data for the first 5 pages of exhibitions data.
- Bonus (optional): Arrange the data you retrieved into dict of lists. Convert it to a pandas
DataFrameand save it to a.csvfile.
Parse html if you have to
As we’ve seen, you can often inspect network traffic or other sources to locate the source of the data you are interested in and the API used to retrieve it. You should always start by looking for these shortcuts and using them where possible. If you are really lucky, you’ll find a shortcut that returns the data as JSON or XML. If you are not quite so lucky, you will have to parse HTML to retrieve the information you need.
For example, when I inspected the network traffic while interacting with https://www.harvardartmuseums.org/visit/calendar I didn’t see any requests that returned JSON data. The best we can do appears to be https://www.harvardartmuseums.org/visit/calendar?type=&date=, which unfortunately returns HTML.
Retrieving HTML
The first step is the same as before: we make at GET request.
calendar_path = 'visit/calendar'
calendar_url = (museum_domain # recall that we defined museum_domain earlier
+ "/"
+ calendar_path)
print(calendar_url)## 'https://www.harvardartmuseums.org/visit/calendar'As before we can check the headers to see what type of content we received in response to our request.
Parsing HTML using the lxml library
Like JSON, HTML is structured; unlike JSON it is designed to be rendered into a human-readable page rather than simply to store and exchange data in a computer-readable format. Consequently, parsing HTML and extracting information from it is somewhat more difficult than parsing JSON.
While JSON parsing is built into the Python requests library, parsing HTML requires a separate library. I recommend using the HTML parser from the lxml library; others prefer an alternative called BeautyfulSoup.
Using xpath to extract content from HTML
XPath is a tool for identifying particular elements withing a HTML document. The developer tools built into modern web browsers make it easy to generate XPaths that can used to identify the elements of a web page that we wish to extract.
We can open the html document we retrieved and inspect it using our web browser.
Once we identify the element containing the information of interest we can use our web browser to copy the XPath that uniquely identifies that element.
Next we can use python to extract the element of interest:
Once again we can use a web browser to inspect the HTML we’re currently working with, and to figure out what we want to extract from it. Let’s look at the first element in our events list.
As before we can use our browser to find the xpath of the elements we want.
(Note that the html.open_in_browser function adds enclosing html and body tags in order to create a complete web page for viewing. This requires that we adjust the xpath accordingly.)
By repeating this process for each element we want, we can build a list of the xpaths to those elements.
elements_we_want = {'figcaption': 'div/figure/div/figcaption',
'date': 'div/div/header/time',
'title': 'div/div/header/h2/a',
'time': 'div/div/div/p[1]/time',
'localtion1': 'div/div/div/p[2]/span/span[1]',
'location2': 'div/div/div/p[2]/span/span[2]'
}Finally, we can iterate over the elements we want and extract them.
first_event_values = {key: first_event_html.xpath(
elements_we_want[key])[0].text_content().strip()
for key in elements_we_want.keys()}
print(first_event_values)## {'date': 'Friday, November 2, 2018',
## 'figcaption': 'Rhyton forepart in the form of a centaur, Hellenistic, c. 160 '
## 'BCE. Silver, partially gilded. From Falerii Novi (Civita '
## 'Castellana, Italy). Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna, VIIa 49. '
## '© KHM-Museumsverband.',
## 'localtion1': '224 Western Avenue',
## 'location2': 'Allston',
## 'time': '2:00pm - 3:45pm',
## 'title': 'Off-Site Materials Lab Workshop: Hands-On Silverworking '
## 'Demonstration [AT CAPACITY]'}Iterating to retrieve content from a list of HTML elements
So far we’ve retrieved information only for the first event. To retrieve data for all the events listed on the page we need to iterate over the events. If we are very lucky, each event will have exactly the same information structured in exactly the same way and we can simply extend the code we wrote above to iterate over the events list.
Unfortunately not all these elements are available for every event, so we need to take care to handle the case where one or more of these elements is not available. We can do that by defining a function that tries to retrieve a value and returns an empty string if it fails.
def get_event_info(event, path):
try:
info = event.xpath(path)[0].text.strip()
except:
info = ''
return infoArmed with this function we can iterate over the list of events and extract the available information for each one.
all_event_values = {key: [get_event_info(event, elements_we_want[key])
for event in events_list_html]
for key in elements_we_want.keys()}For convenience we can arrange these values in a pandas DataFrame and save them as .csv files, just as we did with our exhibitions data earlier.
all_event_values = pd.DataFrame.from_dict(all_event_values)
all_event_values.to_csv("all_event_values.csv")
print(all_event_values)## figcaption date ... localtion1 location2
## 0 Rhyton forepart in the for... Friday, November 2, 2018 ... 224 Western Avenue Allston
## 1 Friday, November 2, 2018 ... 32 Quincy Street Cambridge
## 2 Deer head rhyton depicting... Saturday, November 3, 2018 ... 32 Quincy Street Cambridge
## 3 Donkey head kantharos (dri... Saturday, November 3, 2018 ... 32 Quincy Street Cambridge
## 4 Octagonal cup with the for... Saturday, November 3, 2018 ... 32 Quincy Street Cambridge
## 5 Saturday, November 3, 2018 ... 32 Quincy Street Cambridge
## 6 Saturday, November 3, 2018 ... 32 Quincy Street Cambridge
## 7 Sunday, November 4, 2018 ... 32 Quincy Street Cambridge
## 8 Sunday, November 4, 2018 ... 32 Quincy Street Cambridge
## 9 Tuesday, November 6, 2018 ... 32 Quincy Street Cambridge
## 10 Donkey head kantharos (dri... Wednesday, November 7, 2018 ... 32 Quincy Street Cambridge
## 11 © Nic Lehoux Wednesday, November 7, 2018 ... 32 Quincy Street Cambridge
## 12 Corinne Wasmuht, German, Wednesday, November 7, 2018 ... 32 Quincy Street Cambridge
## 13 1958 D. A. Flentrop organ,... Thursday, November 8, 2018 ... 29 Kirkland Street Cambridge
## 14 Théodore Géricault, French, Thursday, November 8, 2018 ... 32 Quincy Street Cambridge
## 15 Friday, November 9, 2018 ... 32 Quincy Street Cambridge
## 16 Saturday, November 10, 2018 ... 32 Quincy Street Cambridge
## 17 Saturday, November 10, 2018 ... 32 Quincy Street Cambridge
## 18 Sunday, November 11, 2018 ... 32 Quincy Street Cambridge
## 19 Sunday, November 11, 2018 ... 32 Quincy Street Cambridge
## 20 Gordon W. Gahan, American, Monday, November 12, 2018 ... 32 Quincy Street Cambridge
## 21 Charles Bird King, American, Tuesday, November 13, 2018 ... 32 Quincy Street Cambridge
## 22 Wednesday, November 14, 2018 ... 32 Quincy Street Cambridge
## 23 Donkey head kantharos (dri... Wednesday, November 14, 2018 ... 32 Quincy Street Cambridge
## 24 Ram head mug depicting sym... Wednesday, November 14, 2018 ... 32 Quincy Street Cambridge
## 25 Wednesday, November 14, 2018 ... 32 Quincy Street Cambridge
## 26 1958 D. A. Flentrop organ,... Thursday, November 15, 2018 ... 29 Kirkland Street Cambridge
## 27 Thursday, November 15, 2018 ... 32 Quincy Street Cambridge
## 28 Timothy H. O’Sullivan, Ame... Friday, November 16, 2018 ... 32 Quincy Street Cambridge
## 29 Friday, November 16, 2018 ... 32 Quincy Street Cambridge
## .. ... ... ... ... ...
## 39 Photo: Danny Hoshino Tuesday, November 27, 2018 ... 32 Quincy Street Cambridge
## 40 Octagonal cup with the for... Wednesday, November 28, 2018 ... 32 Quincy Street Cambridge
## 41 Rhyton with the forepart o... Wednesday, November 28, 2018 ... 32 Quincy Street Cambridge
## 42 1958 D. A. Flentrop organ,... Thursday, November 29, 2018 ... 29 Kirkland Street Cambridge
## 43 Friday, November 30, 2018 ... 32 Quincy Street Cambridge
## 44 Friday, November 30, 2018 ... 32 Quincy Street Cambridge
## 45 Donkey head kantharos (dri... Saturday, December 1, 2018 ... 32 Quincy Street Cambridge
## 46 Bull rhyton, Cypriot, 14th... Saturday, December 1, 2018 ... 32 Quincy Street Cambridge
## 47 Saturday, December 1, 2018 ... 32 Quincy Street Cambridge
## 48 Saturday, December 1, 2018 ... 32 Quincy Street Cambridge
## 49 Sunday, December 2, 2018 ... 32 Quincy Street Cambridge
## 50 Sunday, December 2, 2018 ... 32 Quincy Street Cambridge
## 51 Vera Lutter, German, Tuesday, December 4, 2018 ... 32 Quincy Street Cambridge
## 52 Tuesday, December 4, 2018 ... 32 Quincy Street Cambridge
## 53 Octagonal cup with the for... Wednesday, December 5, 2018 ... 32 Quincy Street Cambridge
## 54 Théodore Géricault, French, Wednesday, December 5, 2018 ... 32 Quincy Street Cambridge
## 55 Wednesday, December 5, 2018 ... 32 Quincy Street Cambridge
## 56 Théodore Géricault, French... Thursday, December 6, 2018 ... 32 Quincy Street Cambridge
## 57 Donkey head kantharos (dri... Wednesday, December 12, 2018 ... 32 Quincy Street Cambridge
## 58 Rhyton forepart in the for... Wednesday, December 12, 2018 ... 32 Quincy Street Cambridge
## 59 Thursday, December 13, 2018 ... 32 Quincy Street Cambridge
## 60 Frank Short, British, Afte... Tuesday, December 18, 2018 ... 32 Quincy Street Cambridge
## 61 Eagle head mug. Attributed... Wednesday, December 19, 2018 ... 32 Quincy Street Cambridge
## 62 © Nic Lehoux Wednesday, December 19, 2018 ... 32 Quincy Street Cambridge
## 63 Fogg Interior Courtyard wi... Tuesday, December 25, 2018 ... 32 Quincy Street Cambridge
## 64 Octagonal cup with the for... Wednesday, December 26, 2018 ... 32 Quincy Street Cambridge
## 65 Larry Fink, Tuesday, January 1, 2019 ... 32 Quincy Street Cambridge
## 66 Deer head rhyton depicting... Wednesday, January 2, 2019 ... 32 Quincy Street Cambridge
## 67 Octagonal cup with the for... Saturday, January 5, 2019 ... 32 Quincy Street Cambridge
## 68 Donkey head kantharos (dri... Saturday, January 5, 2019 ... 32 Quincy Street Cambridge
##
## [69 rows x 6 columns]Exercise: parsing HTML
In this exercise you will retrieve information about the physical layout of the Harvard Art Museums. The web page at https://www.harvardartmuseums.org/visit/floor-plan contains this information in HTML from.
- Using a web browser (Firefox or Chrome recommended) inspect the page at
https://www.harvardartmuseums.org/visit/floor-plan. Copy theXPathto the element containing the list of level information. (HINT: the element if interest is aul, i.e.,unordered list.) - Make a
getrequest in Python to retrieve the web page at https://www.harvardartmuseums.org/visit/floor-plan. Extract the content from your request object and parse it usinghtml.fromstringfrom thelxmllibrary. - Use your web browser to find the
XPaths to the facilities housed on level one. Use Python to extract the text from thoseXpaths. - Bonus (optional): Write a loop or list comprehension in Python to retrieve data for all the levels.
Use Scrapy for large or complicated projects
Scraping websites using the requests library to make GET and POST requests, and the lxml library to process HTML is a good way to learn basic web scraping techniques. It is a good choice for small to medium size projects. For very large or complicated scraping tasks the scrapy library offers a number of conveniences, including asynchronously retrieval, session management, convenient methods for extracting and storing values, and more. More information about scrapy can be found at https://doc.scrapy.org.
Use a browser driver as a last resort
It is sometimes necessary (or sometimes just easier) to use a web browser as an intermediary rather than communicating directly with a web service. This method has the advantage of being about to use the javascript engine and session management features of a web browser; the main disadvantage is that it is slower and tends to be more fragile than using requests or scrapy to make requests directly from python. For small scraping projects involving complicated sites with CAPTHAs or lots of complicated javascript using a browser driver can be a good option. More information is available at https://www.seleniumhq.org/docs/03_webdriver.jsp.